Презентация на тему Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai

and the first Soviet female diplomat

in St. Petersburg
Alexandra's mother, Alexandra Androvna Masalina-Mravinskaia

Her father, General 
Мikhail Alekseevich

Domontovich

Mikhailovna —
or "Shura" as she

was called growing up — was close to her father with whom she shared an analytical bent and an interest in history and politics. Her relationship with her mother, for whom she was named, was more complex. She later recalled: "My mother and the English nanny who reared me were demanding. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. Mama demanded this."

a good student growing up, sharing her father's interest

in history, and mastering a range of languages. She spoke French with her mother and sisters, English with her nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate inherited from her mother's father in Kuusa ,and was a student of German. Alexandra thought to continue her schooling at a university, but her mother refused her permission, arguing that women had no real need for higher education, and that impressionable youngsters encountered too many dangerous radical ideas at universities in any event. Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom

aged around 19, met her future husband Vladimir Ludvigovich

Kollontai, and married in 1893. Alexandra became pregnant soon after her marriage and bore a son, Mikhail, in 1894. In her autobiography Alexandra admitted that she "married early, partly as a protest against the will of my parents". Alexandra left her husband after three years of marriage.

1897:With husbund Vladimir
and son Misha

of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, aged 27,

in 1899. She was a witness of the popular rising in 1905 known as Bloody Sunday, at Saint Petersburg in front of the Winter Palace.

1905: Potrait of Kollontai

joined the Bolshevik faction and conducted classes on Marxism

for it. In 1905, she joined with Leon Trotsky in pressing for a more positive attitude toward the newly-emerged Soviets and in pressing for unity of the party factions. She became treasurer of the St. Petersburg Social Democratic Committee.

Kollontai participated in the revolutionary underground in Russia, but

mostly she lived abroad, where she made her reputation as a theoretician of Marxist feminism.
In the prerevolutionary period Kollontai also became known as a skilled journalist and orator. She was aMenshevik, but in 1913, when Bolsheviks Konkordia Samoilova, Inessa Armand, and Nadezhda Krupskaya launched a newspaper aimed at working-class women, they invited Kollontai to be a contributor. She responded enthusiastically.

leader of the Baltic Fleet sailors; they separated in 1922

United States in 1916 and edited, with Bukharin, the

Communist daily Novy Mir [new world] in New York City. In 1917 she returned to Russia to take part in the Bolshevik Revolution. In 1920 she became people's commissar for social welfare. She was a leader of the "Workers' Opposition" that opposed party and government control of trade unions; this position was defeated by Lenin in 1921.

commissariat for foreign affairs and became (1923) minister to

Norway-the first woman to hold that diplomatic rank

Elias Calles

she became (1930) minister to Sweden and remained there

until 1945.

and lived in Moscow until her death on 9th

March, 1952.

a month away from her 80th birthday.
Grave of Kollontai

at the Njvodevichy Cemistry in Moscow.