Что такое findslide.org?

FindSlide.org - это сайт презентаций, докладов, шаблонов в формате PowerPoint.

Обратная связь

Презентация на тему Morphemic Structure of Words

Содержание

2. 1. Word-Structure and MorphemesMorphe – ‘form’ +
3. MORPHEMESMorphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units
4. SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESBoiler =
5. SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESflower-pot =
6. Word-cluster please pleasing pleasure
7. The root-morphemes in the word-clustersDuke [dju:k],
8. 2.1. Semantic Classification of MorphemesRoot-morphemes (radicals) -
9. Non-root morphemesNon-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections)
10. 2.2. Structural Classification of MorphemesA free morpheme
11. All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes.
12. Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function
13. The relationship between the two classifications of morphemes
14. Word-structure on the morphemic level:1st Group
15. The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a
16. 3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES In morphemes
17. 3.1. LEXICAL MEANINGRoot-morphemes have an individual lexical
18. Morphemes may be also analyzed into denotational
19. The affixational morphemes with the same denotational
20. Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes
21. 3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANINGDifferential meaning is the semantic
22. 3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANINGDistributional meaning is the meaning
23. 3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANINGPart-of-speech meaning is the indicative
24. 4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS According to the
25. Polymorphic words according to the number of
26. Polyradical words (having words consisting of two
27. 5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY Word-segmentability is the
28. 5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITYComplete segmentability is characteristic of
29. The morphemes making up words of complete
30. 5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITYConditional segmentability characterizes words whose
31. Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess
32. The morphemes making up words of conditional
33. 5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITYDefective segmentability is the property
34. In the word hamlet the morpheme -let
35. comparison with words locket, lionet, cellaret, etc.
36. The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves
37. The morphemic analysis of words like cranberry,
38. on the level of morphemic analysis the
39. 7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSISThe procedure of
40. At each stage these two components are
41. The noun friendliness is first segmented into
42. The procedure of segmenting a word into its Ultimate Constituent morphemes
43. 8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATIONAccording to the affix
44. According to the root principle the identification
45. Summary and Conclusions:There are two levels of
46. Summary and Conclusions:Three types of morphemic segmentability
47. Summary and Conclusions:Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes
48. Скачать презентацию
49. Похожие презентации

1. Word-Structure and MorphemesMorphe – ‘form’ + -eme. The Greek suffix – eme has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest unit (phoneme, sememe, lexeme)Word-structure is internal organization of words. The morpheme is the smallest

WORD-STRUCTURE Morphemic Structure of WordsLecture 8

MORPHEMESMorphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units without losing their constitutive essence

SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESBoiler = boil- + er;Driller = drill-

SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESflower-pot = flower- + -pot;shoe-lace = shoe-

Word-cluster please pleasing pleasure pleasant [pli:z]

The root-morphemes in the word-clustersDuke [dju:k], ducal ['dju:kl], duchess [‘d˄tʃiƨ], duchy

2.1. Semantic Classification of MorphemesRoot-morphemes (radicals) - the lexical nucleus of words,

Non-root morphemesNon-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections) and affixational morphemes (affixes). Inflections

2.2. Structural Classification of MorphemesA free morpheme - one that coincides with

All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes. Such are the root-morphemes theor-

Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both

The relationship between the two classifications of morphemes

Word-structure on the morphemic level:1st Group - Combining forms are morphemes

The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a kind of intermediate position, morphemes

3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES In morphemes can be singled out different

3.1. LEXICAL MEANINGRoot-morphemes have an individual lexical meaning shared by no other

Morphemes may be also analyzed into denotational and connotational components: The

The affixational morphemes with the same denotational meaning sometimes differ only in

Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes of different types: the affixational

3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANINGDifferential meaning is the semantic component that serves to distinguish

3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANINGDistributional meaning is the meaning of the order and arrangement

3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANINGPart-of-speech meaning is the indicative of the part of speech

4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS According to the number of morphemes words are

Polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes are classified into: Monoradical

Polyradical words (having words consisting of two or more roots) fall into

5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY Word-segmentability is the division of words into morphemes.

5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITYComplete segmentability is characteristic of words, the morphemic structure of

The morphemes making up words of complete segmentability are called morpheme proper

5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITYConditional segmentability characterizes words whose segmentation into the constituent morphemes

Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess any lexical or part-of-speech meaning

The morphemes making up words of conditional segmentability do not rise to

5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITYDefective segmentability is the property of words whose component morphemes

In the word hamlet the morpheme -let has the meaning of diminutiveness.

comparison with words locket, lionet, cellaret, etc. leads one to the isolation

The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves in the word pocket the

The morphemic analysis of words like cranberry, gooseberry, strawberry shows that they

on the level of morphemic analysis the linguist has to operate with

7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSISThe procedure of segmenting words into the constituent

At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate

The noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: friendly- (recurring in

The procedure of segmenting a word into its Ultimate Constituent morphemes

8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATIONAccording to the affix principle the segmentation of the

According to the root principle the identification of the root-morpheme agree- in

Summary and Conclusions:There are two levels of approach to the study of

Summary and Conclusions:Three types of morphemic segmentability of words are distinguished in

Summary and Conclusions:Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and affixational morphemes (prefixes and

ReferencesЗыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии. М.: Академия, 2006. – С. 52-56.Гинзбург

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 1. Word-Structure and Morphemes

Morphe – ‘form’ + -eme.

The Greek suffix – eme has been adopted by

linguists to denote the smallest unit (phoneme, sememe, lexeme)

Word-structure is internal organization of words.
The morpheme is the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.

Слайд 3 MORPHEMES
Morphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units without

MORPHEMESMorphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units without losing their constitutive

losing their constitutive essence (two-facetedness) – association of a

certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern.
Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words but not independently.

Слайд 4 SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMES
Boiler = boil- +

er;
Driller = drill- + er ;
recurrence of the

morpheme -er in these and other similar words and of the morphemes boil- and drill- in
to boil, a boil, boiling and
to drill, a drill, drilling, a drill-press, etc.

Слайд 5 SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMES
flower-pot = flower- +

-pot;
shoe-lace = shoe- + -lace;
Like a word a morpheme

is a two-facet language unit, an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern.
Unlike a word a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word.
Lace [l], [ei] ,[s] - without meaning.

Слайд 6 Word-cluster
please pleasing pleasure

pleasant
[pli:z] [pli:z]

[pleʒ] [plez]

All the representations of the given morpheme that manifest alteration are called allomorphs of that morpheme or morpheme variants.
Thus, [pli:z], [plez] and [рlеʒ] are allomorphs of оnе and the same morpheme.

Слайд 7 The root-morphemes in the word-clusters
Duke [dju:k], ducal ['dju:kl],

duchess [‘d˄tʃiƨ], duchy [‘d˄tʃi]
or
Poor [puə] , poverty [‘povəti] -

are the allomorphs of one morpheme

Слайд 8 2.1. Semantic Classification of Morphemes
Root-morphemes (radicals) - the

2.1. Semantic Classification of MorphemesRoot-morphemes (radicals) - the lexical nucleus of

lexical nucleus of words, which has an individual lexical

meaning shared by no other morpheme of the language:
Helpless, handy, rewrite, hopeful, disorder
Help- hand- -write hope- -order
The root-morpheme is isolated as the morpheme common to a set of words making up a word-cluster:
work- in to work, worker, working or
theor- in theory, theorist, theoretical, etc.

Слайд 9 Non-root morphemes
Non-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections) and

Non-root morphemesNon-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections) and affixational morphemes (affixes).

affixational morphemes (affixes). Inflections carry only grammatical meaning.
Lexicology is

concerned only with affixational morphemes.
A prefix: understand – mis-understand, correct – in-correct).
A suffix: (-en, -y, -less in heart-en heart-y, heart-less).

Слайд 10 2.2. Structural Classification of Morphemes
A free morpheme -

2.2. Structural Classification of MorphemesA free morpheme - one that coincides

one that coincides with the stem or a word-form.

Many root-morphemes are free morphemes, for example, use − of the noun useless is a free morpheme because it coincides with one of the forms of the noun use.
A bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element. It occurs only as a constituent part of a word. Affixes are bound morphemes for they always make part of a word, for example:-ness, -ship in the words kind-ness, friend-ship; un-, dis- in the words un-tidy, dis-like.

Слайд 11 All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes.
Such

All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes. Such are the root-morphemes

are the root-morphemes theor- in theory, theoretical, etc.,
barbar-in

barbarism, barbarian, etc.,
-ceive in conceive, perceive, etc.

Слайд 12 Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function in

Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence

a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as

a free morpheme: the morpheme well and half can occur as free morphemes: sing well, half a month.
They can also occur as bound morphemes in words like well-known, half-eaten, half-done.

Слайд 13 The relationship between the two classifications of morphemes

Слайд 14 Word-structure on the morphemic level:
1st Group - Combining

forms are morphemes borrowed namely from Greek or Latin

in which they exist as free forms. They are considered to be bound roots: tele-phone consists of two bound roots.
Phonoscope = ‘sound’ + ‘seeing’;
Microscope = ‘smallness’ + ‘seeing’;
Telegraph = ‘far’ + ‘writing’;

Слайд 15 The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a kind

The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a kind of intermediate position,

of intermediate position, morphemes that are changing their class

membership.

Root morpheme man – in postman, fisherman, gentleman, etc. in comparison with man-made, man-servant.
-man = -er; in cabman, chairman, tradesman
Not a male adult But agent!
* She is an Englishman
*All women are tradesmen.

Слайд 16 3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES
In morphemes can

3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES In morphemes can be singled out

be singled out different types of meaning depending on

the semantic class they belong to.
Root-morphemes have lexical, differential and distributional types of meaning.
Affixational morphemes have lexical, part of-speech, differential and distributional types of meaning.
Both root-morphemes and affixational morphemes are devoid of grammatical meaning.

Слайд 17 3.1. LEXICAL MEANING
Root-morphemes have an individual lexical meaning

3.1. LEXICAL MEANINGRoot-morphemes have an individual lexical meaning shared by no

shared by no other morphemes in the language: light,

deaf, deep, etc.
Affixational morphemes have a more generalizing character of lexical meaning: the suffix –en carries the meaning “the change of a quality”, e.g. to lighten – to become lighter, to deafen – to make somebody deaf.

Слайд 18 Morphemes may be also analyzed into denotational and

connotational components:
The connotational component of meaning may be

found in affixational morphemes: -ette (kitchenette); -ie (dearie, girlie); -ling (duckling) bear a heavy emotive charge.

Слайд 19 The affixational morphemes with the same denotational meaning

The affixational morphemes with the same denotational meaning sometimes differ only

sometimes differ only in connotation: the morphemes –ly, –like,

-ish in the words womanly, womanlike, womanish have the same denotational meaning of similarity but differ in the connotational component (женственный – женский – бабий).

Слайд 20 Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes of

Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes of different types: the

different types: the affixational morphemes –
-ine (chlorine), -oid

(rhomboid)
are bookish.

Слайд 21 3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANING
Differential meaning is the semantic component

3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANINGDifferential meaning is the semantic component that serves to

that serves to distinguish one word from all others

containing identical morphemes. In words consisting of two or more morphemes, one of the constituent morphemes always has differential meaning: in the word forehead the morpheme – head serves to distinguish the word from other words containing the morpheme fore-: forefoot, forepart, foreground.

Слайд 22 3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING
Distributional meaning is the meaning of

3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANINGDistributional meaning is the meaning of the order and

the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the

word.
It is found in all words containing more than one morpheme: the word teacher is composed of two morphemes teach- and –er both of which possess the denotational meaning ‘to help students to learn something’ and ‘the doer of the action’.
A different arrangement of the same morphemes *erteach would make the word meaningless.

Слайд 23 3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANING
Part-of-speech meaning is the indicative of

3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANINGPart-of-speech meaning is the indicative of the part of

the part of speech to which a derivational word

belongs: the affixational morpheme – ness (darkness) is used to form nouns, while the affixational morpheme –less (careless) forms adjectives.
Sometimes the part-of-speech meaning of morphemes predominates: the morpheme –ice in the word justice serves principally to transfer the part-of-speech meaning of the morpheme just- into another class and namely that of the noun.

Слайд 24 4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS
According to the number

4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS According to the number of morphemes words

of morphemes words are classified into monomorphic (root-words) and

polymorphic words.
Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme: small, dog, make, put, doll, pen, ect.

Слайд 25 Polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes

Polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes are classified into:

are classified into:
Monoradical words (having one-root morpheme) fall

into three subtypes:
radical-suffixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and two or more suffixal morphemes, for example, respectable, respectability;
radical-prefixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and a prefixal morpheme, for example, overcome, unbutton;
prefixo-radical-suffixal words, i.e. words which consist of one root, prefixal and suffixal morphemes (e.g. unforgettable, misinterpretation).

Слайд 26 Polyradical words (having words consisting of two or

Polyradical words (having words consisting of two or more roots) fall

more roots) fall into two subtypes:
polyradical words which consist

of two or more roots with no affixational morpheme, for example, pen-friend, copybook;
polyradical words which contain at least two roots and one or more affixational morpheme, for instance, safety-pin, light-mindedness, pen-holder.

Слайд 27 5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY
Word-segmentability is the division

5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY Word-segmentability is the division of words into

of words into morphemes.
Three types of morphemic segmentability

of words are distinguished:
complete,
conditional,
defective.

Слайд 28 5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITY
Complete segmentability
is characteristic of words,

5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITYComplete segmentability is characteristic of words, the morphemic structure

the morphemic structure of which is transparent enough, as

their individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word and can be easily isolated.

Слайд 29 The morphemes making up words of complete segmentability

The morphemes making up words of complete segmentability are called morpheme

are called morpheme proper or full morphemes

The transparent

morphemic structure of the segmentable words careless, stressful is conditioned by the fact that their constituent morpheme recur with the same meaning in other words: thoughtful, powerful.

Слайд 30 5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITY
Conditional segmentability characterizes words whose segmentation

5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITYConditional segmentability characterizes words whose segmentation into the constituent

into the constituent morphemes is doubtful for semantic reasons.

In the words retain, detain or deceive the sound-cluster – [ri-], [di-] seem to be singled out easily due to their recurrence in a number of words (cf. rewrite, reorganize, decode, deorganize).

Слайд 31 Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess any

Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess any lexical or part-of-speech

lexical or part-of-speech meaning of their own.

They have

differential and distributional meanings: the [ri-] distinguishes retain from detain and the [-tein] distinguishes retain from receive, whereas their order and arrangement point to the status of the re-, de- as different from that of the –tain and –ceive within the structure of the words.

Слайд 32 The morphemes making up words of conditional segmentability

The morphemes making up words of conditional segmentability do not rise

do not rise to the status of full morphemes

for semantic reason and that is why are called pseudo-morphemes or
quasi-morphemes.

Слайд 33 5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITY
Defective segmentability is the property of

5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITYDefective segmentability is the property of words whose component

words whose component morphemes seldom or never recur in

other words.
One of the component morphemes of these words is a unique morpheme, which is isolated and understood as meaningful because the constituent morphemes display a more or less clear denotational meaning.
In streamlet, ringlet, leaflet the morpheme –let has diminutive meaning.

Слайд 34 In the word hamlet the morpheme -let has

In the word hamlet the morpheme -let has the meaning of

the meaning of diminutiveness. This morpheme occurs in the

words ringlet, leaflet, streamlet.
The sound-cluster [hæm-] does not recur in any other English word.
The morpheme ham- carries a differential and distributional meaning as it distinguishes hamlet from streamlet, ringlet.

Слайд 35 comparison with words
locket, lionet, cellaret, etc. leads

comparison with words locket, lionet, cellaret, etc. leads one to the

one to the isolation of the morpheme -et having

a diminutive meaning, the more so that the morphemes lock-, lion-, cellar-, etc. recur in other words: (cf. lock, locky; lion, lioness; cellar, cellarage).

Слайд 36 The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves in

The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves in the word pocket

the word pocket the sound-cluster [роk] that does not

occur in any other word of Modern English.
The morpheme [роk] clearly carries a differential and distributional meaning as it distinguishes pocket from the words mentioned above and thus must be qualified as a unique morpheme.

Слайд 37 The morphemic analysis of words like
cranberry, gooseberry,

The morphemic analysis of words like cranberry, gooseberry, strawberry shows that

strawberry shows that they also possess defective morphemic segmentability:

the morphemes cran-, goose-, straw- are unique morphemes.

Слайд 38 on the level of morphemic analysis
the linguist

on the level of morphemic analysis the linguist has to operate

has to operate with two types of elementary units,

namely full morphemes and pseudo-(quasi-)morphemes.
A considerable percentage of words of conditional and defective segmentability signals a relatively complex character of the morphological system of the language, reveals the existence of various heterogeneous layers in its vocabulary.

Слайд 39 7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS
The procedure of segmenting

7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSISThe procedure of segmenting words into the

words into the constituent morphemes is known as the

method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents (any of two meaningful parts forming a larger linguistic unit. L. Bloomfield).
It is based on a binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into.

Слайд 40 At each stage these two components are referred

At each stage these two components are referred to as the

to as the Immediate constituents (ICs). Each IC at

the next stage of analysis is broken into smaller meaningful elements.
The analysis is completed when constituents are incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes.
These morphemes are referred to as the Ultimate Constituents (UCs).

Слайд 41 The noun friendliness is first segmented into the

The noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: friendly- (recurring

ICs:
friendly- (recurring in the adjectives friendly and friendly-looking).

–ness (found in a countless number of nouns): happiness, darkness.
The IC –ness is at the same time an UC of the noun, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning.
The IC friendly- is next broken into the ICs
friend- (recurring in friendship, unfriendly) and
–ly (recurring in wifely, brotherly).
The ICs friend- and –ly are both UCs of the word under analysis.

Слайд 42 The procedure of segmenting a word into its

Ultimate Constituent morphemes

Слайд 43 8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATION
According to the affix principle

8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATIONAccording to the affix principle the segmentation of

the segmentation of the word into its constituent morphemes

is based on the identification of an affixational morpheme within a set of words, for example, the identification of the morphemes –less leads to the segmentation of words like thoughtless, careless, merciless into the suffixational morpheme –less and the root-morphemes thought-, care-, merci- within a word-cluster.

Слайд 44 According to the root principle the identification of

According to the root principle the identification of the root-morpheme agree-

the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree

makes it possible to split these words into the root agree- and the affixational morphemes -able, -ment, dis-.

Слайд 45 Summary and Conclusions:
There are two levels of approach

Summary and Conclusions:There are two levels of approach to the study

to the study of word-structure: the level of morphemic

analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.
The basic unit of the morphemic level is the morpheme defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.

Слайд 46 Summary and Conclusions:
Three types of morphemic segmentability of

Summary and Conclusions:Three types of morphemic segmentability of words are distinguished

words are distinguished in linguistic literature: complete, conditional and

defective. Words of conditional and defective segmentability are made up of full morphemes and pseudo (quasi) morphemes. The latter do not rise to the status of full morphemes either for semantic reasons or because of their unique distribution.

Слайд 47 Summary and Conclusions:
Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and

Summary and Conclusions:Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and affixational morphemes (prefixes

affixational morphemes (prefixes and suffixes); structurally into free, bound

and semi-free (semi-bound) morphemes.
The structural types of words at the morphemic level are described in terms of the number and type of their ICs as monomorphic and polymorphic words.