The Greek suffix – eme has been adopted by
linguists to denote the smallest unit (phoneme, sememe, lexeme)Word-structure is internal organization of words.
The morpheme is the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.
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Презентация на тему Morphemic Structure of Words
Содержание
- 2. 1. Word-Structure and MorphemesMorphe – ‘form’ +
- 3. MORPHEMESMorphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units
- 4. SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESBoiler =
- 5. SEGMENTATION OF WORDS INTO MORPHEMESflower-pot =
- 6. Word-cluster please pleasing pleasure
- 7. The root-morphemes in the word-clustersDuke [dju:k],
- 8. 2.1. Semantic Classification of MorphemesRoot-morphemes (radicals) -
- 9. Non-root morphemesNon-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections)
- 10. 2.2. Structural Classification of MorphemesA free morpheme
- 11. All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes.
- 12. Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function
- 13. The relationship between the two classifications of morphemes
- 14. Word-structure on the morphemic level:1st Group
- 15. The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a
- 16. 3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES In morphemes
- 17. 3.1. LEXICAL MEANINGRoot-morphemes have an individual lexical
- 18. Morphemes may be also analyzed into denotational
- 19. The affixational morphemes with the same denotational
- 20. Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes
- 21. 3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANINGDifferential meaning is the semantic
- 22. 3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANINGDistributional meaning is the meaning
- 23. 3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANINGPart-of-speech meaning is the indicative
- 24. 4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS According to the
- 25. Polymorphic words according to the number of
- 26. Polyradical words (having words consisting of two
- 27. 5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY Word-segmentability is the
- 28. 5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITYComplete segmentability is characteristic of
- 29. The morphemes making up words of complete
- 30. 5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITYConditional segmentability characterizes words whose
- 31. Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess
- 32. The morphemes making up words of conditional
- 33. 5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITYDefective segmentability is the property
- 34. In the word hamlet the morpheme -let
- 35. comparison with words locket, lionet, cellaret, etc.
- 36. The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves
- 37. The morphemic analysis of words like cranberry,
- 38. on the level of morphemic analysis the
- 39. 7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSISThe procedure of
- 40. At each stage these two components are
- 41. The noun friendliness is first segmented into
- 42. The procedure of segmenting a word into its Ultimate Constituent morphemes
- 43. 8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATIONAccording to the affix
- 44. According to the root principle the identification
- 45. Summary and Conclusions:There are two levels of
- 46. Summary and Conclusions:Three types of morphemic segmentability
- 47. Summary and Conclusions:Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes
- 48. Скачать презентацию
- 49. Похожие презентации
1. Word-Structure and MorphemesMorphe – ‘form’ + -eme. The Greek suffix – eme has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest unit (phoneme, sememe, lexeme)Word-structure is internal organization of words. The morpheme is the smallest
![Word-cluster please pleasing pleasure pleasant [pli:z]](/img/tmb/15/1443086/bab631a33336092751bccac04da3a887-720x.jpg "Morphemic Structure of Words")
![The root-morphemes in the word-clustersDuke [dju:k], ducal ['dju:kl], duchess [‘d˄tʃiƨ], duchy](/img/tmb/15/1443086/701d96ec233dcdc6f0fad5dac6afde5d-720x.jpg "Morphemic Structure of Words")
![Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess any lexical or part-of-speech meaning](/img/tmb/15/1443086/ab733854b47edf7cdf3fa6c54b01b3ca-720x.jpg "Morphemic Structure of Words")
Слайд 2
1. Word-Structure and Morphemes
Morphe – ‘form’ + -eme.
Word-structure is internal organization of words.
The morpheme is the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.
Слайд 3
MORPHEMES
Morphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units without
losing their constitutive essence (two-facetedness) – association of a
certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern.Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words but not independently.
Слайд 4
SEGMENTATION OF WORDS
INTO MORPHEMES
Boiler = boil- +
er;
Driller = drill- + er ;
recurrence of the
morpheme -er in these and other similar words and of the morphemes boil- and drill- in to boil, a boil, boiling and
to drill, a drill, drilling, a drill-press, etc.
Слайд 5
SEGMENTATION OF WORDS
INTO MORPHEMES
flower-pot = flower- +
-pot;
shoe-lace = shoe- + -lace;
Like a word a morpheme
is a two-facet language unit, an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern. Unlike a word a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word.
Lace [l], [ei] ,[s] - without meaning.
Слайд 6
Word-cluster
please pleasing pleasure
pleasant
[pli:z] [pli:z]
[pleʒ] [plez] All the representations of the given morpheme that manifest alteration are called allomorphs of that morpheme or morpheme variants.
Thus, [pli:z], [plez] and [рlеʒ] are allomorphs of оnе and the same morpheme.
Слайд 7
The root-morphemes
in the word-clusters
Duke [dju:k], ducal ['dju:kl],
duchess [‘d˄tʃiƨ], duchy [‘d˄tʃi]
or
Poor [puə] , poverty [‘povəti] -
are the allomorphs of one morpheme
Слайд 8
2.1. Semantic Classification of Morphemes
Root-morphemes (radicals) - the
lexical nucleus of words, which has an individual lexical
meaning shared by no other morpheme of the language:Helpless, handy, rewrite, hopeful, disorder
Help- hand- -write hope- -order
The root-morpheme is isolated as the morpheme common to a set of words making up a word-cluster:
work- in to work, worker, working or
theor- in theory, theorist, theoretical, etc.
Слайд 9
Non-root morphemes
Non-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (inflections) and
affixational morphemes (affixes). Inflections carry only grammatical meaning.
Lexicology is
concerned only with affixational morphemes.A prefix: understand – mis-understand, correct – in-correct).
A suffix: (-en, -y, -less in heart-en heart-y, heart-less).
Слайд 10
2.2. Structural Classification of Morphemes
A free morpheme -
one that coincides with the stem or a word-form.
Many root-morphemes are free morphemes, for example, use − of the noun useless is a free morpheme because it coincides with one of the forms of the noun use.A bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element. It occurs only as a constituent part of a word. Affixes are bound morphemes for they always make part of a word, for example:-ness, -ship in the words kind-ness, friend-ship; un-, dis- in the words un-tidy, dis-like.
Слайд 11
All unique roots and pseudo-roots are-bound morphemes.
Such
are the root-morphemes theor- in theory, theoretical, etc.,
barbar-in
barbarism, barbarian, etc., -ceive in conceive, perceive, etc.
Слайд 12 Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes -morphemes that can function in
a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as
a free morpheme: the morpheme well and half can occur as free morphemes: sing well, half a month.They can also occur as bound morphemes in words like well-known, half-eaten, half-done.
Слайд 14
Word-structure
on the morphemic level:
1st Group - Combining
forms are morphemes borrowed namely from Greek or Latin
in which they exist as free forms. They are considered to be bound roots: tele-phone consists of two bound roots.Phonoscope = ‘sound’ + ‘seeing’;
Microscope = ‘smallness’ + ‘seeing’;
Telegraph = ‘far’ + ‘writing’;
Слайд 15 The 2nd Group embraces morphemes occupying a kind
of intermediate position, morphemes that are changing their class
membership.Root morpheme man – in postman, fisherman, gentleman, etc. in comparison with man-made, man-servant.
-man = -er; in cabman, chairman, tradesman
Not a male adult But agent!
* She is an Englishman
*All women are tradesmen.
Слайд 16
3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES
In morphemes can
be singled out different types of meaning depending on
the semantic class they belong to.Root-morphemes have lexical, differential and distributional types of meaning.
Affixational morphemes have lexical, part of-speech, differential and distributional types of meaning.
Both root-morphemes and affixational morphemes are devoid of grammatical meaning.
Слайд 17
3.1. LEXICAL MEANING
Root-morphemes have an individual lexical meaning
shared by no other morphemes in the language: light,
deaf, deep, etc.Affixational morphemes have a more generalizing character of lexical meaning: the suffix –en carries the meaning “the change of a quality”, e.g. to lighten – to become lighter, to deafen – to make somebody deaf.
Слайд 18 Morphemes may be also analyzed into denotational and
connotational components:
The connotational component of meaning may be
found in affixational morphemes: -ette (kitchenette); -ie (dearie, girlie); -ling (duckling) bear a heavy emotive charge. Слайд 19 The affixational morphemes with the same denotational meaning
sometimes differ only in connotation: the morphemes –ly, –like,
-ish in the words womanly, womanlike, womanish have the same denotational meaning of similarity but differ in the connotational component (женственный – женский – бабий).Слайд 20 Stylistic reference may be found in morphemes of
different types: the affixational morphemes –
-ine (chlorine), -oid
(rhomboid) are bookish.
Слайд 21
3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANING
Differential meaning is the semantic component
that serves to distinguish one word from all others
containing identical morphemes. In words consisting of two or more morphemes, one of the constituent morphemes always has differential meaning: in the word forehead the morpheme – head serves to distinguish the word from other words containing the morpheme fore-: forefoot, forepart, foreground.
Слайд 22
3.2. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING
Distributional meaning is the meaning of
the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the
word.It is found in all words containing more than one morpheme: the word teacher is composed of two morphemes teach- and –er both of which possess the denotational meaning ‘to help students to learn something’ and ‘the doer of the action’.
A different arrangement of the same morphemes *erteach would make the word meaningless.
Слайд 23
3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANING
Part-of-speech meaning is the indicative of
the part of speech to which a derivational word
belongs: the affixational morpheme – ness (darkness) is used to form nouns, while the affixational morpheme –less (careless) forms adjectives.Sometimes the part-of-speech meaning of morphemes predominates: the morpheme –ice in the word justice serves principally to transfer the part-of-speech meaning of the morpheme just- into another class and namely that of the noun.
Слайд 24
4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS
According to the number
of morphemes words are classified into monomorphic (root-words) and
polymorphic words.Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme: small, dog, make, put, doll, pen, ect.
Слайд 25 Polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes
are classified into:
Monoradical words (having one-root morpheme) fall
into three subtypes:radical-suffixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and two or more suffixal morphemes, for example, respectable, respectability;
radical-prefixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and a prefixal morpheme, for example, overcome, unbutton;
prefixo-radical-suffixal words, i.e. words which consist of one root, prefixal and suffixal morphemes (e.g. unforgettable, misinterpretation).
Слайд 26 Polyradical words (having words consisting of two or
more roots) fall into two subtypes:
polyradical words which consist
of two or more roots with no affixational morpheme, for example, pen-friend, copybook;polyradical words which contain at least two roots and one or more affixational morpheme, for instance, safety-pin, light-mindedness, pen-holder.
Слайд 27
5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY
Word-segmentability is the division
of words into morphemes.
Three types of morphemic segmentability
of words are distinguished: complete,
conditional,
defective.
Слайд 28
5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITY
Complete segmentability
is characteristic of words,
the morphemic structure of which is transparent enough, as
their individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word and can be easily isolated.Слайд 29 The morphemes making up words of complete segmentability
are called morpheme proper or full morphemes
The transparent
morphemic structure of the segmentable words careless, stressful is conditioned by the fact that their constituent morpheme recur with the same meaning in other words: thoughtful, powerful.
Слайд 30
5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTSBILITY
Conditional segmentability characterizes words whose segmentation
into the constituent morphemes is doubtful for semantic reasons.
In the words retain, detain or deceive the sound-cluster – [ri-], [di-] seem to be singled out easily due to their recurrence in a number of words (cf. rewrite, reorganize, decode, deorganize).
Слайд 31 Neither [ri-], [di-] nor [-tain], [si:v] possess any
lexical or part-of-speech meaning of their own.
They have
differential and distributional meanings: the [ri-] distinguishes retain from detain and the [-tein] distinguishes retain from receive, whereas their order and arrangement point to the status of the re-, de- as different from that of the –tain and –ceive within the structure of the words. Слайд 32 The morphemes making up words of conditional segmentability
do not rise to the status of full morphemes
for semantic reason and that is why are called pseudo-morphemes orquasi-morphemes.
Слайд 33
5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITY
Defective segmentability is the property of
words whose component morphemes seldom or never recur in
other words.One of the component morphemes of these words is a unique morpheme, which is isolated and understood as meaningful because the constituent morphemes display a more or less clear denotational meaning.
In streamlet, ringlet, leaflet the morpheme –let has diminutive meaning.
Слайд 34 In the word hamlet the morpheme -let has
the meaning of diminutiveness. This morpheme occurs in the
words ringlet, leaflet, streamlet.The sound-cluster [hæm-] does not recur in any other English word.
The morpheme ham- carries a differential and distributional meaning as it distinguishes hamlet from streamlet, ringlet.
Слайд 35
comparison with words
locket, lionet, cellaret, etc. leads
one to the isolation of the morpheme -et having
a diminutive meaning, the more so that the morphemes lock-, lion-, cellar-, etc. recur in other words: (cf. lock, locky; lion, lioness; cellar, cellarage).Слайд 36 The isolation of the morpheme -et leaves in
the word pocket the sound-cluster [роk] that does not
occur in any other word of Modern English.The morpheme [роk] clearly carries a differential and distributional meaning as it distinguishes pocket from the words mentioned above and thus must be qualified as a unique morpheme.
Слайд 37
The morphemic analysis of words like
cranberry, gooseberry,
strawberry shows that they also possess defective morphemic segmentability:
the morphemes cran-, goose-, straw- are unique morphemes.
Слайд 38
on the level of morphemic analysis
the linguist
has to operate with two types of elementary units,
namely full morphemes and pseudo-(quasi-)morphemes.A considerable percentage of words of conditional and defective segmentability signals a relatively complex character of the morphological system of the language, reveals the existence of various heterogeneous layers in its vocabulary.
Слайд 39
7. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS
The procedure of segmenting
words into the constituent morphemes is known as the
method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents (any of two meaningful parts forming a larger linguistic unit. L. Bloomfield).It is based on a binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into.
Слайд 40 At each stage these two components are referred
to as the Immediate constituents (ICs). Each IC at
the next stage of analysis is broken into smaller meaningful elements.The analysis is completed when constituents are incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes.
These morphemes are referred to as the Ultimate Constituents (UCs).
Слайд 41 The noun friendliness is first segmented into the
ICs:
friendly- (recurring in the adjectives friendly and friendly-looking).
–ness (found in a countless number of nouns): happiness, darkness.
The IC –ness is at the same time an UC of the noun, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning.
The IC friendly- is next broken into the ICs
friend- (recurring in friendship, unfriendly) and
–ly (recurring in wifely, brotherly).
The ICs friend- and –ly are both UCs of the word under analysis.
Слайд 43
8. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATION
According to the affix principle
the segmentation of the word into its constituent morphemes
is based on the identification of an affixational morpheme within a set of words, for example, the identification of the morphemes –less leads to the segmentation of words like thoughtless, careless, merciless into the suffixational morpheme –less and the root-morphemes thought-, care-, merci- within a word-cluster.Слайд 44 According to the root principle the identification of
the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree
makes it possible to split these words into the root agree- and the affixational morphemes -able, -ment, dis-.
Слайд 45
Summary and Conclusions:
There are two levels of approach
to the study of word-structure: the level of morphemic
analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.The basic unit of the morphemic level is the morpheme defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.
Слайд 46
Summary and Conclusions:
Three types of morphemic segmentability of
words are distinguished in linguistic literature: complete, conditional and
defective. Words of conditional and defective segmentability are made up of full morphemes and pseudo (quasi) morphemes. The latter do not rise to the status of full morphemes either for semantic reasons or because of their unique distribution.
Слайд 47
Summary and Conclusions:
Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and
affixational morphemes (prefixes and suffixes); structurally into free, bound
and semi-free (semi-bound) morphemes.The structural types of words at the morphemic level are described in terms of the number and type of their ICs as monomorphic and polymorphic words.
