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1. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of
language units
Metaphor
Metonymy
Zeugma
Pun
Oxymoron
Hyperbole
Litotes
Epithet
Periphrasis
Personification,
Allusion,
Irony
Rhetorical questions.
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Metaphor (O.I.Glazunova)
Nominal metaphoric phrase/ construction
Predicative metaphoric phrase/ construction
Genitive
metaphoric phrase/ construction
“And down they bring pearls rowe…”
“That
ever Rose on Scotia’s plain…”
“…and Life is a faught…”
“Thou’ll break my heart…”
“How quick Time is flying…”
“…a cup of kindness…”
“…at Fortune’s door…”
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Metaphor (O.I.Glazunova) (2)
Adverbial metaphoric phrase
Attributive metaphoric phrase
Simile
Phraseological units
“He burned with desire…”
«The chrystal streamlets…”
«My Love is like a red Rose…”
«My Love is like a melody,
“I pulled a rose”
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Metonymy
Synecdoche
Container instead of content
Characteristic feature instead of the
object
Name of the instrument instead of the action/doer.
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2. Stylistic devices based on the structure of
language units
Repetition
1) Lexical repetition
Anaphora – the repetition of
he same elements in the beginning of several sentences.
EX.: No tree, no shrub, no blade of grass, not a bird or beast, not even a fish that was not owned!
Epiphora - the repetition of he same elements in the end of several sentences.
2) Syntactic repetition
syntactic tautology or syntactic parallelism
EX. Little Miss Muffet / She sat on a tuffet.
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Stylistic devices based on the structure of language
units (2)
Climax – lexical or syntactic repetition of elements
which is combined with gradual increase in the emotional colouring of the sentence.
EX. I got to be agreeable to her. I got to give her presents. … I’m a slave to that woman.
Anticlimax – the opposite to the climax (the final element is obviously weaker in degree).
EX. Music makes one feel so romantic – at least it gets on one’s nerves.
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Stylistic devices based on the structure of
language units (3)
Stylistic inversion
full inversion
(EX. Blessed are
the poor in spirit)
partial inversion
(EX. How little had I realized, that…)
Ellipsis - consists in omission of some parts of the sentence that are easily understood from the context.
EX. The sea is just another sky,
The sky a sea as well…
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Stylistic devices based on the structure of language
units (4)
Asyndeton - is a deliberate omission of conjunctions.
EX.
There’s no use in talking to him, he’s perfectly idiotic! (reason: because)
Polysyndeton - (opposite to asyndeton) the repeated use of the same connectors before several parts of sentence.
EX. With the curling smoke of wigwams,
With the rushing of great rivers…
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Stylistic devices based on the structure of language
units (5)
Chiasm - a reversed version of syntactic parallelism.
EX.
Down dropped the breeze,/ The sails dropped down.
Antithesis - a structure that stresses a sharp contrast in meaning between the parts within 1 sentence.
EX. Some people are wise, some otherwise.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
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3. Phonetic expressive means and devices
Alliteration – is
a device based on repetition of the same or
similar sounds at close distance, which makes speech more expressive.
EX. Willy-nilly (volence-nolence), hurly-burly (=noise).
Assonance – (a variant of alliteration)
1) repetition of the same vowels only.
EX. The wear and tear of the city life.
2) an imperfect rhyme, when only vowels are rhymed.
EX. Number – blunder, same – cane.
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3. Phonetic expressive means and devices(2)
Onomatopoeia – (sound
imitation) – the use of words which denote some
phenomenon by imitating its real sounding (produced by animals or natural noises).
direct
indirect
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The use of Rhythm and rhyme in versification
Rhyme
is produced by alternation of regular alternation of stressed
and unstressed syllables.
Why do you cry, Willie? ('UU/'UU)
Why do you cry? ('UU/')
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systems of versification (1)
Syllabic system (French poetry) –
the same number of syllables in different lines, whether
stressed or unstressed.
Tonic system (Anglo-Saxon poetry of old times) - the number of stressed syllables.
Syllabic-tonic system of versification (modern English, Russian poetry) is based on the repetition of the same number of stressed and unstressed syllables.
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types of feet (1)
A Foot – is the
division of poetic line from stress to stress
1.
trochee (2 syllables:1-stressed, 2-nd – unstressed)
EX. Peter, Peter, pumpkin-eater ('U/'U/'U/'U)
2. iambus (2 syllables:1-unstressed, 2-nd – stressed)
EX. And then my love and I shall pace… (U'/U'/U'/U')
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types of feet (2)
3. dactil (3 syllables:1-stressed, 2
– unstressed)
EX. Why do you cry, Willie?
('UU/'UU)
4. amphibrach (3 syllables, the stress on the 2-nd)
EX. A diller, a dollar, a ten o’clock scholar… (U'U/U'U/U'U/U'U)
5. anapest (3 syllables, the stress on the 3-nd)
EX. Said the flee, ‘Let us fly’… (UU'/UU')
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systems of versification (2)
The type of foot and
the number of feet in the line determine the
Metre of the verse:
trimetre,
tetrametre,
pentametre etc.
Rhyme is created by the repetition of the same sounds in the last stressed syllable of 2 (or more) lines in a stanza.
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Types of Rhymes (1)
Male rhyme -the stress falls
on the last syllable),
the Female rhyme - the
stress falls on the last but one syllable:
EX. When the lamp is shattered (F.R.)
The light in the dust lies dead; (M.R.)
When the cloud is scattered, (F.R.)
The rainbow’s glory is shed. (M.R.)
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rhyming patterns (1)
Paired rhymes –the rhyming pattern is
AABB
EX. The seed you sow, another reaps; (A)
The wealth ye find, another keeps; (A)
The robes ye weave, another wears; (B)
The arm ye forge, another bears. (B)
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rhyming patterns (2)
Alternate rhymes - the rhyming pattern
is ABAB
EX. A slumber did my spirit seal; (A)
I
had no human fears: (B)
She seemed a thing that could not feel (A)
The touch of earthly wears. (B)
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rhyming patterns (3)
Enclosing rhymes - the rhyming pattern
is ABBA
EX.
Much have I traveled in the realms
of gold, (A)
And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; (B) Round many western islands have I been (B)
Which bards in loyalty to Apollo hold. (A)
