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I. Racial Stereotyping in American Sport
The racial hypocrisy
of sport in post World War II America
Jackie Robinson’s
minor league debut on April 18, 1946
The problem of an athletic “Sambo” image
The notion of black athletic inferiority
The white “interpretation” of Jesse Owens
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II. The Racial Image of Joe Louis
The white
“interpretation” of Joe Louis
The racial overtones of Louis’ nicknames
--The
“Brown Bomber”
--The “Dark Destroyer”
--The “Sepia Socker”
--Pictured as a jungle animal
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III. The Harlem Globetrotters
The “acceptable” black athletes: The
Harlem Globetrotters
--Abe Saperstein
The “Clown Princes” of Basketball
Sporting Version of
Rochester and Uncle Remus
Preference for “ugly Negroes”
Three rules for the players
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The Harlem Globetrotters Founded in 1927
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IV. The Integration of Baseball
Clowning in Negro League
Baseball
Robinson’s second minor league at-bat
Time was ripe for change
Who
was Jack Roosevelt Robinson?
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IV. The Integration of Baseball (cont)
Branch Rickey’s plan
to integrate baseball
--Roy Campanella
--Don Newcombe
Black Reaction to Robinson
White Owner’s
Reaction to Robinson
Death of the Negro Leagues
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IV. The Integration of Baseball (cont)
White fan reaction
to integration
Robinson’s Major League Ordeal
--Pee Wee Reese
Even harder time
for some players
--St. Louis Browns
Paul Robeson and Robinson’s HUAC appearance
Black “Horatio Alger”
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IV. The Integration of Other Professional Sports
Integration of
Other Professional Sports
--Kenny Washington
--Larry Doby
Chuck Cooper and Nat “Sweetwater”
Clifton in the NBA (1950)
Saperstein’s Reaction
Althea Gibson
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V. The Sad Story of Connie Hawkins
The Exploitation
of Connie Hawkins
Hawkins at the University of Iowa
Hawkins implicated
in “point shaving” scandal
Reasons for the easier integration of the NFL
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VI. Baseball After Robinson
Satchel Paige makes it to
the major leagues
New stereotype for Black baseball players
Dominance of
the more racially diverse National League
The last ball clubs to integrate
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VII. The Racial Transformation of the NBA
Black dominance
in the NBA
--Chamberlain’s 100-point game, March 2, 1962
Lennie Wilkens
as a “myth buster”
Stereotyping of white NBA players
The problem of dwindling audiences . . .
. . . And lethargic play
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VII. Racial Transformation of Basketball (cont)
Search for the
“Great White Hope”
-- “Pistol” Pete Maravich
“The Eye of the
Tiger”
Serious doubts about the “mental competency” of the black athlete
1966 NCAA Basketball Championship Game
--Texas Western over Kentucky 72-65
Impact of the Game
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The Black Rebellion in American Sports
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VIII. Changing Image of the Black Man
The era
of “Black Power”
--James Meredith and the integration of ‘Ole
Miss
--Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers
The “trickster” in slave folk tales
Emergence of the “bad” man black image after the Civil War
“Bad” Men in 60’s popular culture
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IX. From Liston to Ali
Real life “bad men”
black athletes
--Sonny Liston
Floyd Patterson: “Credit to his race”
Cassius Clay
defeats Liston in 1964
Clay becomes Muhammad Ali
Ali’s Background
Ali and his Black Muslim Faith
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Cassius Clay Knocks Out Sonny Liston in Heavyweight
Title Bout, February 25, 1964
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X. Muhammad Ali and the Vietnam War
Ali as
the “baddest” black athlete of them all
Ali as the
“hard moral man” image
White reaction to Ali’s new religion
Ali’s opposition to the Vietnam War
Ali’s refusal to enter the army
Ali stripped of title and license
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XI. The Evolution of Muhammad Ali
The New “Jack
Johnson”
Ali’s Poetic Antics
Ali’s verbal abuse was directed against black
fighters as well
--Floyd Patterson fight in 1965
--Ernie Terrell fight in 1966
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XII. Black Athletes in the 1970’s
George Foreman at
the 1968 Olympic Games
Pace of integration in sports accelerated
in 1970’s
Diverse images of the black athlete
Softening of Black Muslims
--Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
--Ahmad Rashad
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George Foreman at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico
City
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XIII. The Changing Image of Muhammad Ali in
the 1970’s
Ali’s reinstatement in 1970
Ali’s Comeback fight against Jerry
Quarry
Title Fight with Joe Frazier
Regains Title by defeating George Foreman in 1974
President Carter’s “Ambassador of good will” to Africa in 1980
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XIV. Complex Images of Black Athletes During the
1970’s
The Symbolism of the “Rocky” Films
Stan Wright and the
1972 Olympics
The misinterpretation of Kermit Washington
Henry Aaron and Babe Ruth
Racist perceptions of Black athletes
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XV. Continuing Racial Controversy in American Sports
Black athletic
success in the 1970’s matched by the persistence of
black social problems
Martin Kane’s 1971 Sports Illustrated Article
Harry Edwards Responds
Additional Criticisms of the treatment of black athletes
