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Презентация на тему Ancient Indian and Chinese philosophy. (Lecture 2)

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In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental) philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of “the East”, namely Asia, including China, India, Japan, Persia and other areas.
Ancient Indian and Chinese philosophy In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental) philosophy refers very broadly to One must take into account that this term ignores that these countries Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and China. The Indian or Ancient Indian philosophy Ancient Indian civilization has some special features. These are:* Rigid (жесткий) caste social structure. * Intellectual and religious passivity of people.* The priority of the irrational over the rational. Civilization of ancient India was formed in the synthesis of local cultures The development of ancient Indian philosophy consists of two periods: the Vedic and Classical. Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a collection of religious hymns, the The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes from the root «vid-», (Sanskrit Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods, people, animals, plants, elements, seasons, At the heart of cosmos there is an eternal substance – Brahman. The world and its phenomena are considered as the improvement of the Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins (priests). Hands – to the Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans). Footsteps –Sudras caste (servants). There were Universal law, which operates in the past, present and future called karma. If a person adheres to a strict asceticism, his samsara ceases (прекращается), According to a traditional principle of classification, the schools or systems of These are regarded as orthodox, not because they believe in god, but To the first group belong the six chief philosophical systems (popularly known as sad-darsana): Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis (толкование) of sacrifice (жертвоприношения)Vedanta (Badarayana), Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or “reasonable deliberation” (разумное взвешивание, обдумывание): Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis is the Samkhya, but it Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for identify the differences among all During next classical period, there appears an interest in ethical issues. Agnostics, Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching of Awakening (Пробужденный)”) is a At the core of Buddhism is the doctrine of the Four high-minded In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or the Eightfold Path (Восьмеричный Путь) Eightfold PathRighteous faith. The true determination (решимость). Righteous speech. Righteous deeds (дела). 5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь). 6. Righteous thoughts. 7. Righteous intentions (помыслы). 8. True contemplation. Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings in this world. Philosophy and Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a materialist doctrine of ancient India.Lokayata Ancient Chinese philosophy The main features of ancient Chinese philosophy are: Practical orientation of philosophical Considering all things as a unity of opposites (Yang – Yin), Chinese Yin and yang is a Chinese symbol of balance and harmony, and Basically, this symbol represents the Positive and Negative forces in the Universe. In Chinese mythology, it is allocated the highest principle, which rules the During this period, freely and creatively there were six major philosophical schools. 1) School of Confucians;2) School of yin and yang;3) School of moism Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius, who was Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social norms and regulation control. Confucius Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society. After the People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one’s parents, elders, and ancestors.   Also, he taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that knowledge Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school of philosophy in China. Ethics of Confucius explaned human in connection with his social functions, and The social order (Li) Confucius had established through the ideal of universality, Another important feature of the social order is strong obedience (повиновение) to Ren (仁) – humanity, love for people (tree)I (义) – the truth, Moists school was named after the founder Moe Dee (479-391 BC). The The whole meaning was to the ideas of universal love (Jiang ai) School of Names examined the relations of things and expression of that Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is formed almost as a teaching It is political philosophy which say that people are bad by nature One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei Zi. He 2. Shu (method, tactic or art): These are methods the ruler has to use One of the major directions in China, along with Confucianism, was Taoism. The world is in constant motion and change, evolving, living and acting Lao Tzu (old teacher) is a senior contemporary of Confucius.He wrote the
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental) philosophy

In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental) philosophy refers very broadly

refers very broadly to the various philosophies of “the

East”, namely Asia, including China, India, Japan, Persia and other areas.

Слайд 3 One must take into account that this term

One must take into account that this term ignores that these

ignores that these countries do not belong to a

single culture.

Слайд 4 Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and

Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and China. The Indian

China. The Indian or Hindu schools of philosophy can

be considered the oldest schools of philosophy.

Слайд 5 Ancient Indian philosophy

Ancient Indian philosophy

Слайд 6 Ancient Indian civilization has some special features.
These

Ancient Indian civilization has some special features. These are:* Rigid (жесткий) caste social structure.

are:

* Rigid (жесткий) caste social structure.


Слайд 7 * Intellectual and religious passivity of people.

* The

* Intellectual and religious passivity of people.* The priority of the irrational over the rational.

priority of the irrational over the rational.


Слайд 8 Civilization of ancient India was formed in the

Civilization of ancient India was formed in the synthesis of local

synthesis of local cultures and alien people from the

North – Aryans

Слайд 9 The development of ancient Indian philosophy consists of

The development of ancient Indian philosophy consists of two periods: the Vedic and Classical.

two periods: the Vedic and Classical.


Слайд 10 Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a collection

Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a collection of religious hymns,

of religious hymns, the first known monument of Indian

literature.

Слайд 11 The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes from

The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes from the root «vid-»,

the root «vid-», (Sanskrit «know»), that reconstructed from Proto-Indo-European

root «weid», meaning «to see» or «to know». «Weid-» is source of English word «wit», as well as the Latin «vision».

Слайд 12 Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods, people,

Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods, people, animals, plants, elements,

animals, plants, elements, seasons, countries, qualities of body, spiritual

abilities, etc. are animate (одушевленные) substances, which are connected with each other and can transform into one another.


Слайд 13 At the heart of cosmos there is an

At the heart of cosmos there is an eternal substance –

eternal substance – Brahman. It is identical to the

eternal inner core (ядро) of the individual Atman.

Слайд 14 The world and its phenomena are considered as

The world and its phenomena are considered as the improvement of

the improvement of the primary entity (Purusha). Purusha is

also understood to be the first person, which consists of castes.

Слайд 15 Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins (priests).

Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins (priests). Hands – to


Hands – to the caste of the Kshatriyas (the

military or ruling class).

Слайд 16 Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans).
Footsteps –Sudras

Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans). Footsteps –Sudras caste (servants). There

caste (servants).
There were also untouchables, that is, most

lower of the castes.

Слайд 17 Universal law, which operates in the past, present

Universal law, which operates in the past, present and future called

and future called karma.
Samsara is a cycle of

repeated rebirth.

Слайд 18 If a person adheres to a strict asceticism,

If a person adheres to a strict asceticism, his samsara ceases

his samsara ceases (прекращается), and he reaches a state

of nirvana, that means fading. Ce’ssation (прекращение) of rebirth is called moksha.

Слайд 19 According to a traditional principle of classification, the

According to a traditional principle of classification, the schools or systems

schools or systems of Indian philosophy are divided into

two broad classes, namely, orthodox (astika) & heterodox (nastika).

Слайд 20 These are regarded as orthodox, not because they

These are regarded as orthodox, not because they believe in god,

believe in god, but because they accept the authority

of the Vedas.

Слайд 21 To the first group belong the six chief

To the first group belong the six chief philosophical systems (popularly known as sad-darsana):

philosophical systems (popularly known as sad-darsana):


Слайд 22 Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis (толкование)

Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis (толкование) of sacrifice (жертвоприношения)Vedanta

of sacrifice (жертвоприношения)
Vedanta (Badarayana), teaching about the origin of

the world from Brahman


Слайд 23 Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or “reasonable

Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or “reasonable deliberation” (разумное взвешивание,

deliberation” (разумное взвешивание, обдумывание): atheistic pluralism – the first

substance is not connected with the spirit


Слайд 24 Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis is

Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis is the Samkhya, but

the Samkhya, but it acknowledged (признавать) a personal God.
Nyaya

(Akshapada Gotama), the school of logic


Слайд 25 Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for identify

Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for identify the differences among

the differences among all that is opposed in the

outer and inner worlds. It saw the emancipation of a human soul in the separation of soul from all material.


Слайд 26 During next classical period, there appears an interest

During next classical period, there appears an interest in ethical issues.

in ethical issues. Agnostics, materialists and fatalists oppose the

Brahmins and the reformists.

Слайд 27 Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching of

Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching of Awakening (Пробужденный)”) is

Awakening (Пробужденный)”) is a religious-philosophical doctrine (dharma) of spiritual

awakening (bodhi), which arose about in the VI century B.C. and based on the ideas of Buddha Shakyamuni

Слайд 28 At the core of Buddhism is the doctrine

At the core of Buddhism is the doctrine of the Four

of the Four high-minded (благородный) Truths:
- suffering,
-

the origin and causes of suffering,
- a true cessation of suffering,
- the true ways to stop suffering.

Слайд 29 In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or the

In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or the Eightfold Path (Восьмеричный

Eightfold Path (Восьмеричный Путь) of achieving Nirvana. This path

is directly related to the cultivation of three varieties of virtues: morality, concentration and wisdom.

Слайд 30 Eightfold Path
Righteous faith.
The true determination (решимость).
Righteous

Eightfold PathRighteous faith. The true determination (решимость). Righteous speech. Righteous deeds (дела).

speech.
Righteous deeds (дела).


Слайд 31 5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь).
6. Righteous thoughts.
7.

5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь). 6. Righteous thoughts. 7. Righteous intentions (помыслы). 8. True contemplation.

Righteous intentions (помыслы).
8. True contemplation.


Слайд 32 Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings in

Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings in this world. Philosophy

this world. Philosophy and practice of Jainism is based

primarily on the cultivation of soul to attain om’niscience (всеведение), om’nipotence (всесилие) and eternal bliss (блаженство).

Слайд 33 Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a materialist

Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a materialist doctrine of ancient

doctrine of ancient India.
Lokayata is a belief in the

real world (loka) and disbelief in the existence of the underworld.

Слайд 34 Ancient Chinese philosophy

Ancient Chinese philosophy

Слайд 35 The main features of ancient Chinese philosophy are:

The main features of ancient Chinese philosophy are: Practical orientation of

Practical orientation of philosophical constructions.
Absence of strict

categorical framework.
The domination of the ethical issues.

Слайд 36 Considering all things as a unity of opposites

Considering all things as a unity of opposites (Yang – Yin),

(Yang – Yin), Chinese thinkers have explained the endless

process of moving through their dialectical interaction.

Слайд 37 Yin and yang is a Chinese symbol of

Yin and yang is a Chinese symbol of balance and harmony,

balance and harmony, and the opposite forces of nature.
The

symbol has two colours, White and Black which symbolize nature's balance of forces such as Good and Evil, Up and Down, Light and Dark, Male and Female, Life and Death, etc.

Слайд 38 Basically, this symbol represents the Positive and Negative

Basically, this symbol represents the Positive and Negative forces in the

forces in the Universe. This symbol has been used

in Asia for a long time, and has become popular in the rest of the world, too.

Слайд 39 In Chinese mythology, it is allocated the highest

In Chinese mythology, it is allocated the highest principle, which rules

principle, which rules the world, the existence of things.

This principle is sometimes understood as the highest personified ruler (Shang-di), but more often as the word “the heaven” (Tian).

Слайд 40

During this period, freely and creatively there were

During this period, freely and creatively there were six major philosophical schools.

six major philosophical schools.


Слайд 41 1) School of Confucians;
2) School of yin and

1) School of Confucians;2) School of yin and yang;3) School of

yang;
3) School of moism (Mo-jia);
4) School of names (Ming-jia);
5)

School of lawyers, legists (Fa jia);
6) School of Taoism (Tao Jia).

Слайд 42 Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings

Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius, who

of Confucius, who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism

has a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.

Слайд 43 Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social norms

Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social norms and regulation control.

and regulation control.
Confucius (551-479 BC), his name is

Latinized version of the name Kung Fu Tzu (teacher Kun). He is one of the first Chinese thinkers, philosophers.

Слайд 44 Confucianism was made to stop the fall of

Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society. After

Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared

only for themselves and did not have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important.

Слайд 45 People slowly started to believe in it, because

People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to

they wanted to have peace, but they had to

care for themselves, too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.

Слайд 46 The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the

The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one’s parents, elders, and ancestors. 

respect of one’s parents, elders, and ancestors. 


Слайд 47  Also, he taught that humans 'can never stop

 Also, he taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that

learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will

always learn, never stopping. For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.

Слайд 48 Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school

Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school of philosophy in China.

of philosophy in China.


Слайд 49 Ethics of Confucius explaned human in connection with

Ethics of Confucius explaned human in connection with his social functions,

his social functions, and education is to bring people

to the execution (исполнение) of these functions.

Слайд 50 The social order (Li) Confucius had established through

The social order (Li) Confucius had established through the ideal of

the ideal of universality, respect to nature and, especially,

relations between people.
This realization of functions and order based on the order leads to the manifestation of humanity (Ren).


Слайд 51 Another important feature of the social order is

Another important feature of the social order is strong obedience (повиновение)

strong obedience (повиновение) to elders, respect to them.

State

is a big family, and family is a small state.

Слайд 52 Ren (仁) – humanity, love for people (tree)

I

Ren (仁) – humanity, love for people (tree)I (义) – the

(义) – the truth, justice (metal)

Li (礼) – custom,

ceremony, ritual (fire)

Zhi (智) – common sense, wisdom (water)

Xin (信) – sincerity (искренность), good intentions (ground)

Слайд 54 Moists school was named after the founder Moe

Moists school was named after the founder Moe Dee (479-391 BC).

Dee (479-391 BC). The main attention was primarily paid

to the problems of social ethics, which is connected through a strict organization with the despotic power of the head.

Слайд 55 The whole meaning was to the ideas of

The whole meaning was to the ideas of universal love (Jiang

universal love (Jiang ai) and mutual benefit for people.


Слайд 56 School of Names examined the relations of things

School of Names examined the relations of things and expression of

and expression of that relationship, and then the appropriation

of judgments and notions.

Слайд 57 Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is formed

Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is formed almost as a

almost as a teaching that focused primarily on issues

of legislation in the era of “warring states” (5-4 centuries BC).

Слайд 58 It is political philosophy which say that people

It is political philosophy which say that people are bad by

are bad by nature and need to be controlled

by the government.

Слайд 59 One of the most important contributors to Legalism

One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei

was Han Fei Zi. He said that a ruler must

use following tools to govern a state: 1. Fa (law or principle) The law must be known by everyone. Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law. If you do what law wants you will be rewarded. If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.

Слайд 60 2. Shu (method, tactic or art): These are methods the

2. Shu (method, tactic or art): These are methods the ruler has to

ruler has to use so that nobody is able

to abolish the system. 3. Shi (legitimacy, power or charisma): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.

Слайд 61 One of the major directions in China, along

One of the major directions in China, along with Confucianism, was

with Confucianism, was Taoism. Taoism studied that nature, space

and people find themselves in movement. Taoism began to learn universe through direct penetration into the conceptual nature of its existence.

Слайд 62 The world is in constant motion and change,

The world is in constant motion and change, evolving, living and

evolving, living and acting on impulse (спонтанно), without any

reason. In ontological doctrine Tao is a central concept. The purpose of thinking, in Taoism, is “merger” (слияние) between man and nature, because of he is its part.

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