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Презентация на тему Ancient Indian and Chinese philosophy. (Lecture 2)
Содержание
- 2. In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental)
- 3. One must take into account that this
- 4. Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India
- 5. Ancient Indian philosophy
- 6. Ancient Indian civilization has some special features. These are:* Rigid (жесткий) caste social structure.
- 7. * Intellectual and religious passivity of people.* The priority of the irrational over the rational.
- 8. Civilization of ancient India was formed in
- 9. The development of ancient Indian philosophy consists of two periods: the Vedic and Classical.
- 10. Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a
- 11. The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes
- 12. Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods,
- 13. At the heart of cosmos there is
- 14. The world and its phenomena are considered
- 15. Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins
- 16. Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans). Footsteps
- 17. Universal law, which operates in the past,
- 18. If a person adheres to a strict
- 19. According to a traditional principle of classification,
- 20. These are regarded as orthodox, not because
- 21. To the first group belong the six chief philosophical systems (popularly known as sad-darsana):
- 22. Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis
- 23. Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or
- 24. Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis
- 25. Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for
- 26. During next classical period, there appears an
- 27. Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching
- 28. At the core of Buddhism is the
- 29. In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or
- 30. Eightfold PathRighteous faith. The true determination (решимость). Righteous speech. Righteous deeds (дела).
- 31. 5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь). 6. Righteous thoughts. 7. Righteous intentions (помыслы). 8. True contemplation.
- 32. Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings
- 33. Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a
- 34. Ancient Chinese philosophy
- 35. The main features of ancient Chinese philosophy
- 36. Considering all things as a unity of
- 37. Yin and yang is a Chinese symbol
- 38. Basically, this symbol represents the Positive and
- 39. In Chinese mythology, it is allocated the
- 40. During this period, freely and creatively there were six major philosophical schools.
- 41. 1) School of Confucians;2) School of yin
- 42. Confucianism is the philosophy based on the
- 43. Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social
- 44. Confucianism was made to stop the fall
- 45. People slowly started to believe in it,
- 46. The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one’s parents, elders, and ancestors.
- 47. Also, he taught that humans 'can never
- 48. Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school of philosophy in China.
- 49. Ethics of Confucius explaned human in connection
- 50. The social order (Li) Confucius had established
- 51. Another important feature of the social order
- 52. Ren (仁) – humanity, love for people
- 54. Moists school was named after the founder
- 55. The whole meaning was to the ideas
- 56. School of Names examined the relations of
- 57. Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is
- 58. It is political philosophy which say that
- 59. One of the most important contributors to
- 60. 2. Shu (method, tactic or art): These are methods
- 61. One of the major directions in China,
- 62. The world is in constant motion and
- 63. Скачать презентацию
- 64. Похожие презентации
In the West, the term Eastern (Oriental) philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of “the East”, namely Asia, including China, India, Japan, Persia and other areas.
Слайд 3 One must take into account that this term
ignores that these countries do not belong to a
single culture.Слайд 4 Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and
China. The Indian or Hindu schools of philosophy can
be considered the oldest schools of philosophy.
Слайд 6
Ancient Indian civilization has some special features.
These
are:
* Rigid (жесткий) caste social structure.
Слайд 7
* Intellectual and religious passivity of people.
* The
priority of the irrational over the rational.
Слайд 8 Civilization of ancient India was formed in the
synthesis of local cultures and alien people from the
North – AryansСлайд 9 The development of ancient Indian philosophy consists of
two periods: the Vedic and Classical.
Слайд 10 Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a collection
of religious hymns, the first known monument of Indian
literature.Слайд 11 The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes from
the root «vid-», (Sanskrit «know»), that reconstructed from Proto-Indo-European
root «weid», meaning «to see» or «to know». «Weid-» is source of English word «wit», as well as the Latin «vision».Слайд 12 Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods, people,
animals, plants, elements, seasons, countries, qualities of body, spiritual
abilities, etc. are animate (одушевленные) substances, which are connected with each other and can transform into one another.Слайд 13 At the heart of cosmos there is an
eternal substance – Brahman. It is identical to the
eternal inner core (ядро) of the individual Atman.Слайд 14 The world and its phenomena are considered as
the improvement of the primary entity (Purusha). Purusha is
also understood to be the first person, which consists of castes.Слайд 15 Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins (priests).
Hands – to the caste of the Kshatriyas (the
military or ruling class).
Слайд 16
Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans).
Footsteps –Sudras
caste (servants).
There were also untouchables, that is, most
lower of the castes.Слайд 17 Universal law, which operates in the past, present
and future called karma.
Samsara is a cycle of
repeated rebirth. Слайд 18 If a person adheres to a strict asceticism,
his samsara ceases (прекращается), and he reaches a state
of nirvana, that means fading. Ce’ssation (прекращение) of rebirth is called moksha.Слайд 19 According to a traditional principle of classification, the
schools or systems of Indian philosophy are divided into
two broad classes, namely, orthodox (astika) & heterodox (nastika).Слайд 20 These are regarded as orthodox, not because they
believe in god, but because they accept the authority
of the Vedas.Слайд 21 To the first group belong the six chief
philosophical systems (popularly known as sad-darsana):
Слайд 22 Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis (толкование)
of sacrifice (жертвоприношения)
Vedanta (Badarayana), teaching about the origin of
the world from BrahmanСлайд 23 Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or “reasonable
deliberation” (разумное взвешивание, обдумывание): atheistic pluralism – the first
substance is not connected with the spiritСлайд 24 Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis is
the Samkhya, but it acknowledged (признавать) a personal God.
Nyaya
(Akshapada Gotama), the school of logicСлайд 25 Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for identify
the differences among all that is opposed in the
outer and inner worlds. It saw the emancipation of a human soul in the separation of soul from all material.Слайд 26 During next classical period, there appears an interest
in ethical issues. Agnostics, materialists and fatalists oppose the
Brahmins and the reformists.Слайд 27 Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching of
Awakening (Пробужденный)”) is a religious-philosophical doctrine (dharma) of spiritual
awakening (bodhi), which arose about in the VI century B.C. and based on the ideas of Buddha ShakyamuniСлайд 28 At the core of Buddhism is the doctrine
of the Four high-minded (благородный) Truths:
- suffering,
-
the origin and causes of suffering, - a true cessation of suffering,
- the true ways to stop suffering.
Слайд 29 In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or the
Eightfold Path (Восьмеричный Путь) of achieving Nirvana. This path
is directly related to the cultivation of three varieties of virtues: morality, concentration and wisdom.
Слайд 30
Eightfold Path
Righteous faith.
The true determination (решимость).
Righteous
speech.
Righteous deeds (дела).
Слайд 31
5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь).
6. Righteous thoughts.
7.
Righteous intentions (помыслы).
8. True contemplation.
Слайд 32 Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings in
this world. Philosophy and practice of Jainism is based
primarily on the cultivation of soul to attain om’niscience (всеведение), om’nipotence (всесилие) and eternal bliss (блаженство).Слайд 33 Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a materialist
doctrine of ancient India.
Lokayata is a belief in the
real world (loka) and disbelief in the existence of the underworld.
Слайд 35
The main features of ancient Chinese philosophy are:
Practical orientation of philosophical constructions.
Absence of strict
categorical framework. The domination of the ethical issues.
Слайд 36 Considering all things as a unity of opposites
(Yang – Yin), Chinese thinkers have explained the endless
process of moving through their dialectical interaction.Слайд 37 Yin and yang is a Chinese symbol of
balance and harmony, and the opposite forces of nature.
The
symbol has two colours, White and Black which symbolize nature's balance of forces such as Good and Evil, Up and Down, Light and Dark, Male and Female, Life and Death, etc.Слайд 38 Basically, this symbol represents the Positive and Negative
forces in the Universe. This symbol has been used
in Asia for a long time, and has become popular in the rest of the world, too.Слайд 39 In Chinese mythology, it is allocated the highest
principle, which rules the world, the existence of things.
This principle is sometimes understood as the highest personified ruler (Shang-di), but more often as the word “the heaven” (Tian).
Слайд 41
1) School of Confucians;
2) School of yin and
yang;
3) School of moism (Mo-jia);
4) School of names (Ming-jia);
5)
School of lawyers, legists (Fa jia); 6) School of Taoism (Tao Jia).
Слайд 42 Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings
of Confucius, who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism
has a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.Слайд 43 Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social norms
and regulation control.
Confucius (551-479 BC), his name is
Latinized version of the name Kung Fu Tzu (teacher Kun). He is one of the first Chinese thinkers, philosophers.Слайд 44 Confucianism was made to stop the fall of
Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared
only for themselves and did not have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important.Слайд 45 People slowly started to believe in it, because
they wanted to have peace, but they had to
care for themselves, too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.Слайд 46 The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the
respect of one’s parents, elders, and ancestors.
Слайд 47 Also, he taught that humans 'can never stop
learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will
always learn, never stopping. For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.Слайд 49 Ethics of Confucius explaned human in connection with
his social functions, and education is to bring people
to the execution (исполнение) of these functions.Слайд 50 The social order (Li) Confucius had established through
the ideal of universality, respect to nature and, especially,
relations between people.This realization of functions and order based on the order leads to the manifestation of humanity (Ren).
Слайд 51 Another important feature of the social order is
strong obedience (повиновение) to elders, respect to them.
State
is a big family, and family is a small state.
Слайд 52
Ren (仁) – humanity, love for people (tree)
I
(义) – the truth, justice (metal)
Li (礼) – custom,
ceremony, ritual (fire)Zhi (智) – common sense, wisdom (water)
Xin (信) – sincerity (искренность), good intentions (ground)
Слайд 54 Moists school was named after the founder Moe
Dee (479-391 BC). The main attention was primarily paid
to the problems of social ethics, which is connected through a strict organization with the despotic power of the head.Слайд 55 The whole meaning was to the ideas of
universal love (Jiang ai) and mutual benefit for people.
Слайд 56 School of Names examined the relations of things
and expression of that relationship, and then the appropriation
of judgments and notions.Слайд 57 Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is formed
almost as a teaching that focused primarily on issues
of legislation in the era of “warring states” (5-4 centuries BC).Слайд 58 It is political philosophy which say that people
are bad by nature and need to be controlled
by the government.Слайд 59 One of the most important contributors to Legalism
was Han Fei Zi. He said that a ruler must
use following tools to govern a state: 1. Fa (law or principle) The law must be known by everyone. Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law. If you do what law wants you will be rewarded. If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.Слайд 60 2. Shu (method, tactic or art): These are methods the
ruler has to use so that nobody is able
to abolish the system. 3. Shi (legitimacy, power or charisma): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.Слайд 61 One of the major directions in China, along
with Confucianism, was Taoism. Taoism studied that nature, space
and people find themselves in movement. Taoism began to learn universe through direct penetration into the conceptual nature of its existence.Слайд 62 The world is in constant motion and change,
