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Good flavor and aroma, combined with the stimulant
caffeine, have helped to make coffee one of the
most popular drinks in the world. Coffee is prepared by brewing the roasted and ground beans of a coffee tree in water. It takes at least 20 steps to get from a coffee tree to a steaming cup of coffee.
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There are at least 60 species of coffee
trees in the world. Because the coffee tree requires
a warm climate and plenty of moisture, it is grown in the tropical areas of the world.
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Since the mid-1800s, Brazil has been the foremost
coffee-growing nation. Other Latin American countries, particularly Colombia, are
also major producers of coffee as are Indonesia and the African countries of Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia.
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Two varieties of the coffee tree—Arabica and Robusta—account
for almost all of the world's production of coffee.
Arabica is the most popular because it has more flavor and fragrance than Robusta.
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Arabica is grown in Central and South America,
the Caribbean, and Indonesia. Robusta, on the other hand,
is grown mainly in Africa. It has gained importance because it is resistant to disease and useful in making instant coffee.
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An ordinary cup of coffee contains about 150
milligrams of caffeine, a chemical substance found naturally in
coffee beans. Caffeine stimulates, or arouses to greater activity, the heart muscles as well as the central nervous system.
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For some people, drinking a cup of coffee
in the evening makes it difficult for them to
fall asleep. Although there are side effects associated with drinking coffee, coffee is not considered harmful to the average adult. However, young children should not drink it.
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Because of the negative effects of caffeine, researchers
have developed decaffeinated coffee. In decaffeinated coffee, the caffeine
is removed from the beans before roasting. This way, coffee can be enjoyed without experiencing the side effects of caffeine.
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Another type of coffee is instant coffee. Developed
after World War 2, this coffee powder dissolves immediately
in hot water.
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Finally, espresso is a special brew made from
finely ground, darkly roasted coffee. Popular in Europe, espresso
is prepared by forcing steam through the coffee grounds. Because of the concentrated nature of espresso, it is usually consumed in small amounts or with milk.
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Coffee is believed to have originated in Ethiopia,
in Africa, in about the 6th century AD. From
Africa, coffee was brought to Arabia. At first, it was used as a food, as a medicine, and in wines. It appeared in the familiar drink form in about the 11th century.
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In the 16th and 17th centuries coffee became
a popular drink in Europe and its colonies, including
the Americas. Until that time it was grown only in Arabia, but in the 17th century Dutch merchants helped spread the cultivation of coffee to Indonesia.
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In the 18th century it spread to
the Americas. Coffeehouses soon became popular in England and
in the colonies, and they remain popular today.