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Презентация на тему Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech

General information about English part of speechIn standard grammatical terms, we classify English words into the following categories, or parts of speech: NounVerbAdverbAdjectivePrepositionConjunctionNumeralPronoun
Historical development of English and Russian parts of speechBukhinnik Juliya FL-42 General information about English part of speechIn standard grammatical terms, we classify OLD ENGLISHOld English was a much more inflected language than contemporary English. Old English - AdjectiveAs well as the noun, the adjective can be Modern English - AdjectiveAn adjective - is a word whose main syntacticis Old English - AdjectiveDegrees of comparison: absolutive, comparative, superlative. eald (old) - Modern English - AdjectiveDegrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Rich - richer Old English - PronounPronouns were the only part of speech in Old Old English - Verb Strong and Weakdistinguished between seven classes (changing Modern English – Verb  Modern English makes a distinction between regular Modal Verbs in Modern and Old English (Present-Preterite)The main difference of verbs Tenses in Old and Modern English	Syntactically, the language had only two main Conclusion  English through history was very progressive and active - the Old church SlavonicCategory: Old Church Slavonic nounsOld Church Slavonic words that refer Category: Old Church Slavonic verbs Old Church Slavonic verbs: Old Church Slavonic Category: Old Church Slavonic adverbs:  Old Church Slavonic adverbs words that Category: Old Church Slavonic conjunctions:  Old Church Slavonic words that connect Category: Old Church Slavonic pronouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer to Category: Old Church Slavonic prepositions:  Old Church Slavonic words that limit One of the peculiarity of Russian language it is a morphemic stability. Conclusion Languages developed and changed rapidly during the history. All communicative
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 General information about English part of speech
In standard

General information about English part of speechIn standard grammatical terms, we

grammatical terms, we classify English words into the following

categories, or parts of speech:
Noun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Numeral
Pronoun



Слайд 3 OLD ENGLISH
Old English was a much more inflected

OLD ENGLISHOld English was a much more inflected language than contemporary

language than contemporary English.
It was characterized by:
strong

and weak verbs;
a dual number for pronouns
two different declensions of adjectives;
four declensions of nouns;
grammatical distinctions of gender;
did not use the article

Слайд 4 Old English - Adjective
As well as the noun,

Old English - AdjectiveAs well as the noun, the adjective can

the adjective can be declined in case, gender and

number. One-syllable adjectives ("monosyllabic") have different declension than two-syllable ones ("disyllabic").
Singular. (narrow)
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative nearu nearu nearu
Genitive nearwes nearwes nearore
Dative nearwum nearwum nearore
Accusative nearone nearu nearwe
Instrumental nearwe nearwe





Слайд 5 Modern English - Adjective
An adjective - is a

Modern English - AdjectiveAn adjective - is a word whose main

word whose main syntacticis a word whose main syntactic

role is to modifyis a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a nounis a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjective's subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to.
We can not declined adjectives in case, gender or number.

Слайд 6 Old English - Adjective
Degrees of comparison:
absolutive, comparative,

Old English - AdjectiveDegrees of comparison: absolutive, comparative, superlative. eald (old)

superlative.
eald (old) - ieldra - ieldest
strong -

strengra - strengest
long - lengra - lengest
geong (young) - gingra - gingest

Слайд 7 Modern English - Adjective
Degrees of comparison:
positive, comparative,

Modern English - AdjectiveDegrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Rich -

superlative.

Rich - richer – the richest
Big –

bigger – the biggest
Small – smaller – the smallest


Слайд 8 Old English - Pronoun
Pronouns were the only part

Old English - PronounPronouns were the only part of speech in

of speech in Old English which preserved the dual

number in declension.
E.g. 1st person
Singular Plural Dual
N ic, íc wé wit
G mín úre uncer
D mé ús unc
A mec, mé úsic, ús uncit, unc

Слайд 9 Old English - Verb
Strong and Weak
distinguished

Old English - Verb Strong and Weakdistinguished between seven classes

between
seven classes
(changing of vowels
and consonants),
each

in conjugation
and in the
stem structure.
Infinitive
Past singular
Past plural
Participle II

were conjugated in a simpler
way than the strong ones,
and did not use the ablaut
interchanges of t
he vowel stems.
Weak verbs are
divided into three classes which
had only slight differences though.
They did have the
three forms - the infinitive,
the past tense,
the participle II.


Слайд 10 Modern English – Verb
Modern English

Modern English – Verb  Modern English makes a distinction between

makes a distinction between regular (changing into root –

vowels and consonants) and irregular (- ed, - d) verbs. This distinction goes back to the Old English system of strong and weak verbs.

Слайд 11 Modal Verbs in Modern and Old English (Present-Preterite)
The

Modal Verbs in Modern and Old English (Present-Preterite)The main difference of

main difference of verbs of this type in modern

English is their expressing modality, i.e. possibility, obligation, necessity. They do not require the particle to before the infinitive which follows them. In Old English in general no verb requires this particle before the infinitive. In fact, this to before the infinitive form meant the preposition of direction.

Слайд 12 Tenses in Old and Modern English
Syntactically, the language

Tenses in Old and Modern English	Syntactically, the language had only two

had only two main tenses - the Present and

the Past. No progressive (or Continuous) tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not exist either. However, some analytic construction were in use, and first of all the perfective constructions.
F.G.: Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon
(they have build a fortress‘ - shows the exact Perfect tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a participle construction showing that the action has been done) Seldom you can also find such Past constructions, which later became the Past Perfect Tense.

Слайд 13 Conclusion
English through history was very progressive

Conclusion English through history was very progressive and active - the

and active - the whole revolution happened with it

in the 15th and the 16th centuries, not only taking into consideration the Great Vowel Shift, but also the major grammar changes. The result was the Modern, or New, English, which has practically no declension, lost genders, shortened words and forms, simplified the syntax.

Слайд 14 Old church Slavonic
Category: Old Church Slavonic nouns
Old Church

Old church SlavonicCategory: Old Church Slavonic nounsOld Church Slavonic words that

Slavonic words that refer to people, places, things, qualities

or ideas. Old Church Slavonic nouns that are inflected to show grammatical relations other than the main form.
E.g. Аблъко, братолюбьство, воѥводьство, брѣмѧ, въздрастъ, владъічьствиѥ, болѣзнь

Слайд 15 Category: Old Church Slavonic verbs Old Church Slavonic verbs:

Category: Old Church Slavonic verbs Old Church Slavonic verbs: Old Church

Old Church Slavonic words that indicate actions, occurrences or

states. E.g. Любити, дъіхати, погрєбити, пити, ищєзнѫти, глаголати.

Слайд 16 Category: Old Church Slavonic adverbs: Old Church Slavonic

Category: Old Church Slavonic adverbs: Old Church Slavonic adverbs words that

adverbs words that modify clauses, sentences and other parts

of phrases. E.g. Близъ, въскорѣ, яко, вьчєра

Слайд 17 Category: Old Church Slavonic conjunctions: Old Church Slavonic

Category: Old Church Slavonic conjunctions: Old Church Slavonic words that connect

words that connect words, phrases or clauses together. E.g. ащє,

да, и, или, къгда, ни

Слайд 18 Category: Old Church Slavonic pronouns Old Church Slavonic words

Category: Old Church Slavonic pronouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer

that refer to and substitute nouns. E.g. овъ, она,

оно, онъ

Слайд 19 Category: Old Church Slavonic prepositions: Old Church Slavonic

Category: Old Church Slavonic prepositions: Old Church Slavonic words that limit

words that limit nouns or pronouns, by indicating relationships

with following phrases. E.g. мимо, мєждю, мєждѹ, подъ, при, прѣдъ

Слайд 20 One of the peculiarity of Russian language it

One of the peculiarity of Russian language it is a morphemic

is a morphemic stability. E.g. Russian root kaz. It means

to point or to show. Noun: у к а з, с к а з к а Verb: у к а з а т ь, с к а з а т ь Adjective: с к а з о ч н ы й, etc.

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