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Презентация на тему Multilingualism

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is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages, either Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming a A multilingual person is one who can communicate in more than one language, be The terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in Poly (Greek: πολύς) means Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, Children acquiring two languages are called simultaneous bilinguals.Take note!In the case of There is a possibility for a child to become naturally trilingual by ExampleAn English-speaking father married to a Mandarin Chinese speaking mother with the family living Some group of academics argues for the maximal definition of multilingualism.Maximal: Speakers Another group of academics argues for the minimal definition of multilingualism, based on Bilingualism as an individual attribute:a psychological state of an individual who has Bilingualism as a societal attribute:two languages are used in a community and “Even if someone is highly proficient in two or more languages, his Linguists have distinguished various types of multilingual competence, which can be put Compound Bilingualswords and phrases in different languages are with the same concepts.Example: Coordinate BilingualsWords and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related to In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more dominant In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more dominant A sub-group of the latter is the subordinate bilingual, which is typical of beginning Many theorists are now beginning to view bilingualism as a Distractive bilingualismorSemilingualism.Cognitive Ability When acquisition of the first language is interrupted and insufficient or unstructured Literacy plays an important role in the development of language in these Receptive bilinguals are those who have the ability to understand a second Receptive bilingualism is not the same as mutual intelligibility, which is the case Widespread multilingualism is one form of language contact.Multilingualism was more common in the When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the DiglossiaIf there is a structural functional distribution of the languages involved, the Ambilingualisma region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not observed. AmbilingualismExample:Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures of Malays, China, and India.Multilingualism within Communities Bipart-lingualismif more than one language can be heard in a small area, Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes the process of 'swapping' between Sequential modelIn this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language Sequential modelIn this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language Bilingual modelIn this model, the native language and the community language are Coordinate modelThis model posits that equal time should be spent in separate Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native language Early vs. Late bilingualsEarly bilingual:someone who has acquired two languages early in Balanced vs. Dominant bilingualsBalanced bilingual: someone whose mastery of two languages is Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsSuccessive bilingualism: Learning one language after already knowing another. Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsSimultaneous bilingualism: Learning two languages as Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsReceptive bilingualism: Being able to understand two languages but Additive vs. Subtractive bilingualsAdditive bilingual: The learning of a second language does Elite vs. Folk bilingualsElite bilingual: Individuals who choose to have a bilingual Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native language
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 is the act of using, or promoting the

is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages,

use of, multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or

by a community of speakers.

Multilingualism


Слайд 3 Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population.

Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming

Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the

needs of globalization and cultural openness.

Multilingualism


Слайд 4 A multilingual person is one who can communicate in more

A multilingual person is one who can communicate in more than one language,

than one language, be it actively (through speaking, writing,

or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving).

What is a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 5 The terms bilingual and trilingual are used to

The terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations

describe comparable situations in which two or three languages

are involved. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a polyglot.

What is a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 6 Poly (Greek: πολύς) means "many",

glot (Greek: γλώττα) means "language".
What is

Poly (Greek: πολύς) means

a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 7 Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least

Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during

one language during childhood, first language (L1).

The first language

(the mother tongue) is acquired even without formal education.

What is a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 8 Children acquiring two languages are called simultaneous bilinguals.

Take

Children acquiring two languages are called simultaneous bilinguals.Take note!In the case

note!
In the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language usually

dominates over the other.

What is a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 9 There is a possibility for a child to

There is a possibility for a child to become naturally trilingual

become naturally trilingual by having a mother and father

with separate languages being brought up in a third language environment.

What is a multi-lingual person?


Слайд 10 Example
An English-speaking father married to a Mandarin Chinese speaking mother

ExampleAn English-speaking father married to a Mandarin Chinese speaking mother with the family

with the family living in Hong Kong, where the community

language (and primary language of education) is Cantonese.

If the child goes to a Cantonese medium school from a young age, then trilingualism will be the result.

What is a multi-lingual person?

Dad
English

Son
Mandarin
English
Cantonese

Mom
Mandarin

School
Cantonese


Слайд 11 Some group of academics argues for the maximal

Some group of academics argues for the maximal definition of multilingualism.Maximal:

definition of multilingualism.

Maximal: Speakers are as proficient in one

language as they are in others and have as much knowledge of and control over one language as they have of the others.

Varied Perspective of Multilingualism


Слайд 12 Another group of academics argues for the minimal definition

Another group of academics argues for the minimal definition of multilingualism, based

of multilingualism, based on use.

Minimal: Tourists who can

successfully communicate phrases and ideas even if not fluent in the native language of the foreign land can be considered as bilinguals.

Varied Perspective of Multilingualism


Слайд 13 Bilingualism as an individual attribute:

a psychological state of

Bilingualism as an individual attribute:a psychological state of an individual who

an individual who has access to two language codes

to serve communication purposes.

Individual vs. Societal Multilingualism


Слайд 14 Bilingualism as a societal attribute:

two languages are used

Bilingualism as a societal attribute:two languages are used in a community

in a community and that a number of individuals

can use two languages.

Individual vs. Societal Multilingualism


Слайд 15 “Even if someone is highly proficient in two

“Even if someone is highly proficient in two or more languages,

or more languages, his or her so-called communicative competence or ability

may not be as balanced”

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 16 Linguists have distinguished various types of multilingual competence,

Linguists have distinguished various types of multilingual competence, which can be

which can be put into two categories:

Compound Bilinguals
Coordinate Bilinguals
Comparing

Two Multilingual Speakers

Слайд 17 Compound Bilinguals
words and phrases in different languages are

Compound Bilingualswords and phrases in different languages are with the same

with the same concepts.

Example: 'chien' and 'dog' are two

words for the same concept for a French-English speaker of this type. These speakers are usually fluent in both languages.

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 18 Coordinate Bilinguals
Words and phrases in the speaker's mind

Coordinate BilingualsWords and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related

are all related to their own unique concepts.

Thus a

bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for 'chien' and for 'dog‘.

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 19 In these individuals, one language, usually the first

In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more

language, is more dominant than the other, and the

first language may be used to think through the second language.

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 20 In these individuals, one language, usually the first

In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more

language, is more dominant than the other, and the

first language may be used to think through the second language.

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 21 A sub-group of the latter is the subordinate bilingual, which

A sub-group of the latter is the subordinate bilingual, which is typical of

is typical of beginning second language learners.
Comparing Two Multilingual

Speakers

Слайд 22 Many theorists are now beginning to view bilingualism

Many theorists are now beginning to view bilingualism as a

as a "spectrum or continuum of bilingualism" that runs

from the relatively monolingual language learner to highly proficient bilingual speakers who function at high levels in both languages (Garland, 2007).

Comparing Two Multilingual Speakers


Слайд 23 Distractive bilingualism
or
Semilingualism.
Cognitive Ability

Distractive bilingualismorSemilingualism.Cognitive Ability

Слайд 24 When acquisition of the first language is interrupted

When acquisition of the first language is interrupted and insufficient or

and insufficient or unstructured language input follows from the

second language, as sometimes happen with immigrant children, the speaker can end up with two languages both mastered below the monolingual standard.

Cognitive Ability


Слайд 25 Literacy plays an important role in the development

Literacy plays an important role in the development of language in

of language in these immigrant children.
Those who were

literate in their first language before arriving, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are at the very least able to maintain and master their first language.

Cognitive Ability


Слайд 26 Receptive bilinguals are those who have the ability

Receptive bilinguals are those who have the ability to understand a

to understand a second language, but do not speak

it.

Receptive Bilingualism

Receptive bilinguals may rapidly achieve oral fluency when placed in situations where they are required to speak the language.


Слайд 27 Receptive bilingualism is not the same as mutual intelligibility,

Receptive bilingualism is not the same as mutual intelligibility, which is the

which is the case of a native Spanish speaker

who is able to understand Portuguese, or vice versa, due to the high lexical and grammatical similarities between Spanish and Portuguese.

Receptive Bilingualism


Слайд 28 Widespread multilingualism is one form of language contact.
Multilingualism was

Widespread multilingualism is one form of language contact.Multilingualism was more common in

more common in the past. In early times, when

most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages necessary for trade.

Multilingualism within Communities


Слайд 29 When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the

When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to

community according to the functional distribution of the languages

involved:
Diglossia
Ambilingualism
Bipart-lingualism

Multilingualism within Communities


Слайд 30 When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the

When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to

community according to the functional distribution of the languages

involved:
Diglossia
Ambilingualism
Bipart-lingualism

Multilingualism within Communities


Слайд 31 Diglossia
If there is a structural functional distribution of

DiglossiaIf there is a structural functional distribution of the languages involved,

the languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'. Typical

diglossic areas are those areas where a regional language is used in informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state language is used in more formal situations.

Multilingualism within Communities


Слайд 32 Ambilingualism
a region is called ambilingual if this functional

Ambilingualisma region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not

distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual area

it is nearly impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting.

Multilingualism within Communities


Слайд 33 Ambilingualism

Example:
Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures of Malays, China, and India.
Multilingualism within

AmbilingualismExample:Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures of Malays, China, and India.Multilingualism within Communities

Communities


Слайд 34 Bipart-lingualism
if more than one language can be heard

Bipart-lingualismif more than one language can be heard in a small

in a small area, but the large majority of

speakers are monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers from neighboring ethnic groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'.

Multilingualism within Communities

Serbia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia, etc.


Слайд 35 Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes the

Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes the process of 'swapping'

process of 'swapping' between languages.
In many cases, code-switching

is motivated by the wish to express loyalty to more than one cultural group.

Multilingualism Between Different Language Speakers


Слайд 36 Sequential model

In this model, learners receive literacy instruction

Sequential modelIn this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native

in their native language until they acquire a "threshold"

literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age 3 as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in L1 (Kessler, 1984).

Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program


Слайд 37 Sequential model

In this model, learners receive literacy instruction

Sequential modelIn this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native

in their native language until they acquire a "threshold"

literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age 3 as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in L1 (Kessler, 1984).

Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program


Слайд 38 Bilingual model

In this model, the native language and

Bilingual modelIn this model, the native language and the community language

the community language are simultaneously taught. The advantage is

literacy in two languages as the outcome. However, the teacher must be well-versed in both languages and also in techniques for teaching a second language.

Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program


Слайд 39 Coordinate model

This model posits that equal time should

Coordinate modelThis model posits that equal time should be spent in

be spent in separate instruction of the native language

and of the community language. The native language class, however, focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses on listening and speaking skills.

Multilingualism at a Linguistic Level:
Models for Native Language Literacy Program


Слайд 40 Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence

Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native

in the native language serves as a foundation of

proficiency that can be transposed to the second language — the common underlying proficiency hypothesis.

Слайд 41 Early vs. Late bilinguals
Early bilingual:
someone who has acquired

Early vs. Late bilingualsEarly bilingual:someone who has acquired two languages early

two languages early in childhood (usually received systematic training/learning

of a second language before age 6).

Late bilingual:
someone who has become a bilingual later than childhood (after age 12).

Слайд 42 Balanced vs. Dominant bilinguals
Balanced bilingual:
someone whose mastery

Balanced vs. Dominant bilingualsBalanced bilingual: someone whose mastery of two languages

of two languages is roughly equivalent.

Dominant bilingual:
someone with

greater proficiency in one of his or her languages and uses it significantly more than the other language.

Semilingual:
someone with insufficient knowledge of either language.

Слайд 43 Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Successive bilingualism:
Learning one language

Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsSuccessive bilingualism: Learning one language after already knowing

after already knowing another. This is the situation for

all those who become bilingual as adults, as well as for many who became bilingual earlier in life. Sometimes also called consecutive bilingualism.

Слайд 44 Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Simultaneous bilingualism:
Learning two languages

Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsSimultaneous bilingualism: Learning two languages as

as "first languages". That is, a person who is

a simultaneous bilingual goes from speaking no languages at all directly to speaking two languages. Infants who are exposed to two languages from birth will become simultaneous bilinguals.

Слайд 45 Successive vs. Simultaneous bilinguals
Receptive bilingualism:
Being able to

Successive vs. Simultaneous bilingualsReceptive bilingualism: Being able to understand two languages

understand two languages but express oneself in only one.

This is generally not considered "true" bilingualism but is a fairly common situation.


Слайд 46 Additive vs. Subtractive bilinguals
Additive bilingual:
The learning of

Additive vs. Subtractive bilingualsAdditive bilingual: The learning of a second language

a second language does not interfere with the learning

of a first language. Both languages are well developed.

Subtractive bilingual:
The learning of the second language interferes with the learning of a first language. The second language replaces the first language.

Слайд 47 Elite vs. Folk bilinguals
Elite bilingual:
Individuals who choose

Elite vs. Folk bilingualsElite bilingual: Individuals who choose to have a

to have a bilingual home, often in order to

enhance social status.

Folk bilingual:
Individuals who develop second language capacity under circumstances that are not often of their own choosing, and in conditions where the society does not value their native language.


Слайд 48 Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence

Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native

in the native language serves as a foundation of

proficiency that can be transposed to the second language — the common underlying proficiency hypothesis.

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