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A parabolic dish and Stirling engine system, which
concentrates solar energy to produce useful solar power.
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Solar energy is the radiantSolar energy is the
radiant light and heat from the Sun. Solar radiation
along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the availableSolar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewableSolar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
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Solar power technologies provide electrical generation by means
of heat engines.
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Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute sunlight.
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Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic
panels, solar thermal collectors, with electrical or mechanical equipment,
to convert sunlight into useful outputs.
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Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or
light dispersing Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
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About half the incomingAbout half the incoming solar
energy reaches the Earth's surface.
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The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming
solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere.
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Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while
the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land
masses.
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The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's
surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared
ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
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Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar
radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing
evaporated Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulationEarth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle.
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The latentThe latent heat of water condensation amplifies
convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and
anti-cyclones
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Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses
keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C.
By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
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The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere,
oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per
year.
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From the table of resources it would appear
that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to
supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramaticallyFrom the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production. As intermittentFrom the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production. As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.
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Solar energy is not available at night, and
energy storage is an important issue because modern energy
systems usually assume continuous availability of energy.
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Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in
the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for
daily or seasonal durationsThermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or seasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.
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Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and
Glauber's saltPhase change materials such as paraffin wax and
Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948.
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Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures
using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium
because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems.
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Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable Off-grid
PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store
excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid. Net metering programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they deliver to the grid. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively using the grid as a storage mechanism.
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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of
water pumped when energy is available from a lower
elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water to run through a hydroelectric power generator.
