Презентация на тему Competition Law: Mergers

the TFEU
Article 106 of the TFEU

Other Relevant Provisions
Article 3

of the TFEU
Article 14 of the TFEU
Article 103 of the TFEU
Article 104 of the TFEU
Article 105 of the TFEU
Article 119 of the TFEU
Article 346 of the TFEU

Provisions of the TFEU

January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings

(the EC Merger Regulation), OJ L 24/1, 29 January 2004
Implementing Regulation
Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (published in OJ L 133, 30.04.2004, p.1) amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1033/2008 of 20 October 2008 (published in OJ L 279, 22.10.2008, p. 3) – Consolidated version of 23 October 2008
Notices & Guidelines
EEA Agreement
Articles 53-65 of the EEA Agreement of 1 August 2007
Protocol 24 of the EEA Agreement of 30 January 2010
Explanation of case referral under the EEA Agreement

General Rules

concentration of economic power in the hands of fewer

than before;
Reasons for oversight of economic concentrations by the state are the same as the reasons to restrict firms who abuse a position of dominance, BUT regulation of M&A attempts to deal with the problem before it arises, ex ante prevention of market dominance
Competition law requires that firms proposing to merge gain authorization from the relevant government authority.

Key Features

of competitors
Mergers : Benefits

might be like, not knowing and making a judgment.
Hence

the central provision under EU law asks whether a concentration would if it went ahead “significantly impede effective competition... in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening off a dominant position...”

Merger Control

added);
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (to calculate the “density” of the

market, or what concentration exists);
The product in question;
The rate of technical innovation in the market;
Collective dominance, or oligopoly through “economic links”;
Transparency of the market;
The entry of new firms to the market, and any barriers that they might encounter/

Issues for Analyses

and economic progress;
A firm which is being taken over

is about to fail or go insolvent, and taking it over leaves a no less competitive state than what would happen anyway

Defences

of the Treaty on EU
1973 – Commission Proposal for

a Reg. of the Council of Ministers on the Control of Concentrations between Undertakings
Regulation 4064/89
Merger Regulation 139/2004 (known as the “ECMR”)

Historical Background

of competition;
Detriment for consumers;
Stripping the assets of the acquired

firm (which is contrary to long-term public interest)
Regional policy (control over unemployment and regional vitality, maintaining a balanced distribution of wealth and job opportunities around the country)

Merger Control: The Policy Rationale

distribution efficiency
Enhancing managerial efficiency
Merger Control: The Policy Rationale

the concentration substantially lessen competition? (US, UK)
Does the concentration

lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position? (Germany, Switzerland)

Substantive Tests

are competitors at the same level of production and/or

distribution of a good or service, i.e., in the same relevant market.
Types of anticompetitive effects associated with horizontal mergers:
unilateral (non-coordinated) effects arise where, as a result of the merger, competition between the products of the merging firms is eliminated, allowing the merged entity to unilaterally exercise market power, for instance by profitably raising the price of one or both merging parties’ products, thus harming consumers
coordinated effects arise where, under certain market conditions (e.g., market transparency, product homogeneity etc.), the merger increases the probability that, post merger, merging parties and their competitors will successfully be able to coordinate their behaviour in an anti-competitive way, for example, by raising prices.

Horizontal Mergers

where it is relatively simple to reach a common

understanding on the terms of coordination.
Conditions for coordination to be sustainable:
the coordinating firms must be able to monitor to a sufficient degree whether the terms of coordination are being adhered to;
discipline requires that there is some form of credible deterrent mechanism that can be activated if deviation is detected;
the reactions of outsiders, such as current and future competitors not participating in the coordination, as well as customers, should not be able to jeopardise the results expected from the coordination.

Coordinated Effects: “Airtours criteria”

Mergers

levels in the chain of production (e.g., manufacturing and

an upstream market for an input) and/or distribution (e.g., manufacturing and a downstream market for re-sale to retailers) of the same final product
In purely vertical mergers there is no direct loss in competition because the parties' products did not compete in the same relevant market.
However
AOL/Time Warner
the European Commission required that a joint venture with a competitor Bertelsmann be ceased beforehand

Vertical Mergers

portfolio of related products, though without necessarily dominant shares

in any individual market (firms operate in different product markets, without a vertical relationship)


Recent focus of conglomerate mergers by antimonopoly authorities, very disputable (different outcomes of the merger control reviews by the authorities of the United States and the European Union of the GE/Honeywell merger attempt.)

Conglomerate Mergers

compulsory (majority of merger jurisdictions worldwide)
“suspensory clause“ - the

parties to a transaction are indefinitely prevented from closing the deal until they have received merger clearance;
“local” (the transaction cannot be implemented within the particular jurisdiction) and "global“ (the transaction cannot be closed/implemented anywhere in the world prior to merger clearance) bars on closing/implementation
Voluntary regime - the parties are not prevented from closing the deal and implementing the transaction in advance of having applied for and received merger clearance (UK)

Merger Control Regimes

merger operations between enterprises
Mergers are inevitable and desirable, they

are welcomed as one means of increasing the competitiveness of European industry on world markets

EU Merger Control: Basics

is a concentration (Art. 3 (1))
Extra-territorial catch
Determination of concentration

will be based on quantitative criteria, focusing on the notion of control
Key terminology:
Concentration;
Merger;
Complete merger;
Change of control

Concentration: General

bid
Acquisition of control
Or
After manifestation of good faith intent to

do so

When to Notify?

concentrations shall not be implemented either before its notification

or until it has been declared compatible with the common market pursuant to a Commission decision, or on the basis of a presumption (certain exemptions for public bids).

Notification

and after turnover taxes) of all the undertakings concerned

(in the case of the acquisition of parts of undertakings, only the turnover relating to the parts which are the subject of the concentration shall be taken into account with regard to the seller(s)) is more than EUR 5 000 million (special rules apply to banks), and
the aggregate Community-wide turnover of each of at least two of the undertakings concerned is more than EUR 250 million,
unless
each of the undertakings concerned achieves more than two-thirds of its aggregate Community-wide turnover within one and the same Member State.

Community Dimension: Thresholds

a concentration has nevertheless Community dimension, if
the combined aggregate

world-wide turnover of all the undertakings concerned is more than EUR 2 500 million, and
in each of at least three Member States, the combined aggregate turnover of all the undertakings concerned is more than EUR 100 million, and
in each of at least three Member States included for the purpose of the second point above, the aggregate turnover of each of at least two of the undertakings concerned is more than EUR 25 million, and
the aggregate Community-wide turnover of each of at least two of the undertakings concerned is more than EUR100 million,
unless
each of the undertakings concerned achieves more than two-thirds of its aggregate Community-wide turnover within one and the same Member State.

Community Dimension

on the date when the complete notification is received

by the Commission)
Phase II: Initiation of proceedings (Phase II deadline commences on the date of the Article 6(1)c decision)

Phases

carried out by the competent Authorities of the Member

States and the Commission
Member States can request referral within 15 working days of notification.

Phase I: Initial Examination

the scope of the Merger Regulation
6(1)b : the concentration

does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the common market: approval
6(1)c : the concentration raises serious doubts: phase 2 of procedure

Phase I: Decision (Art. 6)

days after receipt of the complete notification
unless increased to

35 working days if a Member State makes a 9(2) request, or
unless increased to 35 working days if the undertakings concerned offer commitments

Phase I: Decision (Art. 6)

carried out by the competent Authorities of the Member

States and the Commission
Declaration of incompatibility is preceded by the issuing of a statement of objections, with a right for the parties to access the file and to request a formal oral hearing
Advisory Committee of Member States: meeting and delivery of opinion

Phase II: Initiation of proceedings

common market
8(2): approval with conditions and obligations rendering the

concentration compatible with the common market
8 (3):prohibition in case of incompatibility with the common market
8(4): dissolution of the merger in case of premature implementation or implementation in breach of a condition for clearance
8(5): interim measures
8(6): revocation of a clearance decision in case of incorrect information or breach of obligation.

Phase II: Decision (Art. 8)

to lodge an appeal
Possibility: Review by the European Court

of First Instance and ultimately by the European Court of Justice

Subsequent Actions upon Decision

investigated only be the Commission (Art. 21 of the

Merger Regulation)
Sole jurisdiction of Commission, review by the Community Courts
National legislation is not applicable to Community dimension mergers (exceptions)

Differentiation between Community and National Merger Control

States: Best practices on cooperation in merger cases
International Competition

Network: Commission waiver model of confidentiality in merger investigations

International Cooperation on Merger Issues