Презентация на тему Американская литература

«литература» исторически изменчив.
Литература как высшее проявление языка развивается вместе

с языком, отражает его историю, задает в ней векторы.
На примере английской литературы, по мере сложения English Language выделяются этапы:
Old English – фольклор, эпос;
Middle English – фольклор, зарождение авторской литературы;
Modern English – категория авторства, книгопечатание и грамотность, становление книжного рынка и авторского права.

прессы, сужение понятия «литература» до fiction.
Т.о., вся американская литература

по определению – modern, современная.
Отношение американского общества к литературному творчеству.

личности.
Средство воспитания.

способствовать формированию культурного комплекса нации, мифа о едином

героическом прошлом, который сплачивает людей для решения будущих задач.
Задачи зрелого национального периода:
осмыслять в своеобразных формах своеобразие американской культуры, ставить насущные вопросы общественно-культурного развития на примере прошлого, настоящего, фантазий о будущем.

сгущенное, концентрированное, ускоренное развитие.
Отсутствие естественной фольклорной основы.
Вместо основополагающего фольклора

– Библия. Литература США вся пронизана библейскими мотивами и аллюзиями.
Регионализм: литература Новой Англии, Юга, Среднего Запада, Западного побережья.

John Smith

Pocahontas The General History of Virginia
1580-1631 1607 London, 1624
Mary Rowlandson. A Narrative of the Captivity,
Sufferings and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,
Boston: 1682
Жанр Captivity tale – повесть о пленении
Indian wilderness /civilization

в.
NATIVISM
ландшафт, природная среда, прошлое США

Washington Irving 1783-1859
“Rip van Winkle”, 1819
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”, 1820
Dutch settlers’ legends

James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851
The Pioneers 1923, The Last of the Mohicans
1826, The Prairie, 1827, The Deerslayer 1841
Natty Bumppo - Leatherstockings, Indians, frontier

Уолдо Эмерсон, Генри Торо

Herman Melville 1819-1891
Moby-Dick, or, The Whale, 1851
Billy Budd, 1924


Walt Whitman 1819 -1892
Leaves of Grass, 1855

Abolitionists – Harriet Beecher-Stowe

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852


Mark Twain 1835-1910
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1883
The Prince and the Pauper, 1881
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court ,1889

Henry James 1843-1916
The Portrait of a

Lady, 1881
The Aspern Papers, 1888
The Turn of the Screw , 1898
The Golden Bowl, 1904

Ernest Hemingway 1899 -1961
The Sun Also Rises, 1926
A Farewell to Arms, 1929
For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940
The Old Man and the Sea,1951
A Moveable Feast, 1964, posthumous

Theodore Dreiser 1871-1945
Sister Carrie,1900
The Financier, 1912
The Titan,

1914
An American Tragedy, 1925
F. S. Fitzgerald 1896-1940
Stories from Tales of the Jazz Age
"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" ,1921
"The Diamond as Big as the Ritz“, 1922
The Great Gatsby, 1925
Tender Is the Night, 1934

William Faulkner

1897-1962
19 novels, 125 stories constitute the Yoknapatawpha Saga
The Sound and the Fury, 1929
"A Rose for Emily“, 1930
"The Bear“, 1942

Truman Capote 1924-1984
Breakfast at Tiffany's, 1958
In Cold Blood, 1966

- O’Henry

Hard-boiled detective
-Dashiel Hammett

Thomas Harris-


Horror, mystery and suspense
-Howard Lovecraft Stephen King-

J.D.

Salinger


The Catcher in the Rye , 1951
Nine Stories, 1953
Franny and Zooey, 1961
Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction, 1963



Jonathan Safran Foer (1977)
Everything Is Illuminated, 2002
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, 2005

- "for his vigorous and graphic art of description

and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.” Elmer Gantry , Babbit, wrote human comedies inspired by Balzac and Dickens.

1936 - Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (1888-1953) “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.“

1938 - Pearl Buck (1892-1973) - "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.“ The House of Earth trilogy

1948 - Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) -"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry."

1949 - William Faulkner (1897-1962) – "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel."

1954 - Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) - "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.“

1962 - John Steinbeck (1902-1968) – "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception.“ Of Mice and Men, Grapes of Wrath, The Winter of our Discontent

1976 - Saul Bellow (1915-2005) - "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work.“ Ravelstein, Herzog

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991) – “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.“ Tragicomic tales of Jewish life in prewar Poland.

1980 - Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004) - Polish/American poet - for voicing "man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts."

1987 - Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996) - "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.“ Essays collections Less Than One, A Room and a Half.

1993 - Toni Morrison (1931- ) - for "novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import," giving "life to an essential aspect of American reality.“ Beloved, The Bluest Eye.

Philip Roth? John Ashbury?

(Toni Morrison)
Еврейская американская литература (I.B.Singer, Saul Bellow)
Литература выходцев из

тихоокеанского региона (японцы, вьетнамцы, китайцы)

States (2010) 328,259 (new titles and editions), 62000 -

novels
United Kingdom (2005) 206,000
China (2010) 189,295 (328,387 total)
Russian Federation (2008) 123,336
Germany (2009) 93,124


Только 3% от общего числа названий – переводы с иностранных языков.
Книг издается все больше, продаются они все хуже.
53 % американцев читают художественную литературу, 43 % - нехудожественную.
Самый популярный жанр художественной литературы - mystery and suspence (19 %).
Среди покупателей художественной литературы 55 % женщин, 45 % мужчин.
1/3 закончивших среднюю школу не прочитали с тех пор ни одной книги.
42 % закончивших колледж не прочитали с тех пор ни одной книги.
80 % американских семей за последний год не купило ни одной книги.
70 % взрослых не были в книжном магазине по крайней мере уже 5 лет.

Hours/minutes spent reading

Weekdays Weekends
and holidays

15 years and over :20 :26 15 to 24 years :07 :10 25 to 34 years :09 :11 35 to 44 years :12 :16 45 to 54 years :17 :24 55 to 64 years :30 :39 65 years and over :50 1:07

Data for 2006


Source: National Endowment for the Arts, To Read or Not To Read: A Question of National Consequence, November 2007.

Base: Reads at least one book in average

year

Total Gender
Men Women
% % %
NON-FICTION (NET) 82 84 79
History 35 44 27
Biographies 31 29 31
Religious and Spirituality 28 24 32
Self-help 20 17 23
Current Affairs 16 19 13
Political 15 22 9
True Crime 14 10 17
Business 13 21 7
Other non-fiction 27 28 26

FICTION (NET) 80 73 86
Mystery, Thriller and Crime 48 38 57
Literature 27 26 28
Science Fiction 25 34 18
Romance 22 3 38
Graphic Novels 12 12 12
Westerns 7 11 3
Other fiction 34 30 38

Note: Percentages may not add to 100% due to rounding