Презентация на тему The medical aspects of psychic development and adaptive behavior in children

adaptive behavior in children.

motor, psychic and behavioral development is an action directed

on achievement by the individual of the maximum social health. It is one of the most important goals in modern pediatrics.

for period since infancy until preschool age (before 6

years) the psychic and behavioral child` development is enough closely connected with psychomotor development. So very often the pediatricians at this age period use the term “psychomotor development”.

psychomotor development as the sequence of appearing in a

child since birth until approximately age 6 years of the motor, behavioral, emotional and speech skills (milestones) happens due to participation of intensively developing nervous system and particularly brain cortex.

making to a child the following necessary optimum conditions:

-

the child must be physically well;
- presence of parents or persons capable to express toward a child true feeling of attachment ;

- a normal care, feeding and education

- safety of the most important organ feeling: a vision and a hearing.

children since first months until age 6 year inclusively.

children are executed by means of out-patient child inspections

and questioning of his or her parents. This visits are managed usually in fixed dates corresponding to a date, when a child was born. Also this dates are called “epicrisial”. The visits are organizing for the first year of child life monthly, on 2-3th - quarterly, in the following - once per year.

group up into the following systems which must be

tested accurately:

- gross (general) motor, including steady-state skills (milestones) when a child adapts to gravitation (to the earth attraction);
personal-social ("Me and society“)
language (speech shaping)
a fine motor milestones (adaptive).

Also the visual and hearing sensation must be tested.

practice use the simplified models of motor and psychic

age dependant milestones achievement in their average estimations.

following standard sequence of tests is using : "when

did the child begin?..’’

to keep a head up (set-head steady). The normal answer is "at age 2 months” (50-th percentile);

to get sitting (at 6 mo);

to stand up alone (at 10 mo);

- to walk well (at age 1 year).

the objects by eyes (The visual concentration appears at

age 1,5 months);
- to turn over in bed the child begins at 4 months;
- to manipulate with toys (rattles) at 6 mo;
- to rise on stair a child begins since 1,5 years approximately.

spontaneously at age 1 month;

- to smile contacting with

mother at age 3 mo;

- to be scared with strangers (including a medical stuff) at 7 mo.

the dove (pigeon) sounds vocalization since the age 1

mo;

- to prattle (“soueals” words) at age 6 mo;

- to pronounce a first intelligent words (“dana/mama”) at 1 yr.

- to speech a first simple sentences at 2 yr.

visual function is defined on the basis of common

reaction on light.
The light exposition in a sleeping child makes his eyes more closed. In a small baby with opened eyes the sudden light provokes blinking and avoiding reaction.
The children older 2 months of age can follow the flashlight by eyes if it is situated on distance of 30 cm.

the loud sound can be seen as the sudden

horizontal twitching of eyes (so called horizontal nistagmus), and coordinated pupil`s narrowing followed by their expansion.
Children older 2 months demonstrate the response to palms pat on distance of 30-40 cm from the head with blinking or eyes close.
Since 3 months of age children begin to turn the head towards the sound of toy which they do not see.

in worldwide used Denver-II-test. The Test is

given in a manner of table, where on horizontal axis is noted an age sequence in dais, months and years (until 6). On vertical axis the list of child behavioral acts from the most primitive until more complexes (on above presented system) is brought in sequence: gross motor, language, fine motor - adaptive
and personal – social.

should be stored all the human life.

test on school maturity
The test is executed by school

teachers or school psychologists and detects an intellectual level (IQ), a level of hand (manual) abilities to write and to draw, to copy etc. As a practice the examiners ask a child to draw liberally a figure of person which must have schematically all 6 main human components (head, hands, legs etc).

Human figure

on shaping of all 4 components following gross and

fine motor, personal-social and language milestones characterizes the common delay of psychomotor development. It happens in young children with severe innate or hereditary CNS diseases or gained after ischemic-hypoxic injury of brain in labor.

motor development is specific for spinal motor neurons damage

like Werdnig-Goffmann disease or motor brain cortical neurons like cerebral palsy.

personal-social and language development are accompanied with communicative abnormalities

or pathology of interpersonal contacts establishment. They are typical off innate deafness, blindness, autism. Affected children avoid any dill with children and adults. The feeble-mindedness (olygophreny) also leads to communicative problems.

the abnormalities in sphere of interpersonal contacts in childhood. In

infants aged 1-12 mo very alarm symptoms are the following:
- a child aged before 6 mo does not scare, blink or change immediately its activities in response to sudden loud sound;
- a child aged before 6 mo is not interesting by human speech, does not quiet down in response to mother voice;
- a child aged before 6 mo. does not pronounce “ooo/aah” and prattle;
- a child aged before 10 mo. does not react on his or her name;
- a child aged before 12 mo. pronounces only sounds which are limited only by wail, moan or long vowels.

the abnormalities in sphere of interpersonal contacts in childhood.

In infants aged 1 -3 yr the attention must attract the following symptoms:

- If the child aged before 18 mo (1,5 yr.) does not use as minimum as 6 comprehensible words.
- If at age 24 mo. a child does not use two – three words sentences like: "That is this?", "No need!" etc..
- If the parents do understand only half from that their 2 year old child speaks.
- If the 3 yr old child speech is not understandable for people excluding the parents.

children. Approaches to elementary psychological examination.

children.
The process of normal social

development can not be understood without this important psychic phenomenon appearing in families of early young children.
The bonding (Tie) usually appears immediately after birth and reflects the positive feeling of the parents toward the newborn. This fillings are unidirectional.
The attachment involves reciprocal feelings between parents and infant and develops gradually within the first year. The effective bonding in the postpartum (post delivery) period may enhance the development of attachment. The medical staff has to help the bonding and attachment shaping providing early nursing with skin to skin mother-to-child contact and the father presence in delivery room. In these condition the bonding of the parents to child is formed early and more intensively.

become unable to be separated with their caregivers. It

is so called event “Mommy gets her coat”.

synonym of condition then the small child long time

should be separated from the mother. In this conditions a psychic distress as an emotional dullness can occur in child because the parent-child attachment is broken. In advanced cases the delay of psychic development is formed progressively in affected children. Some times this condition leads to the real danger for health and even for child life.

R. Spitz

(1887 – 1974)

is defined as a process of knowledge acquisition in

broad sense beginning with perception, continued by memorizing, judgment and reasoning.

psychologist Jan Piaget (1896 – 1980)

Studying the

developmental psychology of intellect Jan Piaget contended that the development of cognitive abilities occurs in the fixed strict sequence of qualitatively different stages. That way the child`s mind works in different ways in each stage.

Sensorimotor stage

It is typical of children since birth

to 2 years old. The mastering of the world is realizing through motor activity, explorations, tests and manipulations of the environment (external encirclement). Motor and sensitive impressions create the base for the next stages.
On this stage child learns:
- to differentiate self from world thereby the sense of self-identity begins to form;
- that action gives result (e.g. that the sucking on a nipple produces milk or that shaking a rattle produces a noise, thereby the important schemes of the world form;
- that things exist even when are not visible.

Jan Piaget

Preoperational stage (the age from 2 to 6 or

7 years).
- The child is capable to present the world in symbolic image in the manner of plays, different imitation, is capable to present "something" in the manner of "something else”. ("Mami, tell me about the pilot in fly, which now was killed“).
- The experimentations with language ("The baby “burn” or “born”, and etc.).
- Many children in this period decline egocentricity behavior as a not constructive.
- The child develops language and drawing that become a models of representing experience.

Jan Piaget

Concrete operation`s stage (age from 7 to 12 years).

- The child becomes capable logically to anticipate the process by means of searching for the intercoupling and categorization and still by means of manipulation with objects if they turn out to be available.

Jan Piaget

The formal operation`s stage (since 12 years including adults).

- The teenager becomes capable to think logically and abstractly, to formulate and to check up mentally hypothesizes, to manipulate with probability (to calculate the chances), to construct analogies, metaphors, to speculate about own thinking process.

Jan Piaget

– 1987)
Early stage: Toddlers and preschool children unconditionally take

the authority and adult moral code. They consider if an action leads to punishment that it is bad. So the Choice between wrong and write children often do in context of their self-profit.
Midle level: Children consider that public rules define acceptable or unacceptable behaviour.
Advanced level. The notion about correct and wrong are founded on the personal understanding of the universal ethical principles. Often they may be abstract, but usually comprise the principal of life` conservation at any cost.

(1856-1939) is a greatest austrian psychiatrist and scientist-psychologist for

the first time in the human history researched person sexuality from instinctive, social and subconscious-individual psychic positions. Freud designed important principles having big importance for understanding how it is realizing in person the most strong gender instinct (the human instinct of gender continuation). Also his theory contains a number of concepts helpful in understanding of child development.

according to which the base of a person`s activity

since infancy is a drive to achieve the pleasure and to avoid displeasure.
Freudian realities principle is a theoretic position according to which the person behavior directed on desires satisfaction is correcting permanently by surrounding human society in accordance with its requirements.
The concept of innate sexual and aggressive drives that provide “psychic energy” or “libido” also is central to Freudian theory. The theory in whole interprets the human psychic as a mastery of unconscious sexual inclinations to pleasure, which masquerading get into consciousness and in some situations threatens to the individual psychic stability and unity, in determined measure defines shaping of individual personality, behavior, social attitude, becomes a reason of psychic diseases.

different ages. In them he focuses on different parts

of the body serving for gratification of drive to get a pleasure

oral stage. The Infants obtain gratification through the stimulation

of the mouth as they suck a breast.
II. The age 18мo – 3yr - an anal stage – Children obtain gratification (a pleasure) through exercise the anal musculature during elimination or retention. It means that children exercise to restrain or pass stools by volitional effort and are supported by the mother if they are succesfull.
III. The age 3-6 years - a phallic stage (or the stage of Oedipal complex shaping). In this stage it is absolutely normal if the children develop sexual curiosity. They have sexual fantasies about the parent of the opposite sex and feel guilt about their fantasies.
IV. The age 6-12 years - a latency stage. – Children`s sexual urges are submerged. They put their energies into acquiring cultural skills and are occupied with the common social knowledge acquisition.
V. The age from nearly 12 years until adultness – the genital stage. The teenagers gradually form adult heterosexual desires and seek to satisfy them (search for reciprocity).

.

S.Freud

adult psychic problems in infancy.

Are you a heavy smoker?

his own 8 principles of human psychosocial the well

known American psychologist Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994), the Freud`s follower has developed Freudian theory.

mo) the stage can be called as “a confidence

against mistrust or trust versus mistrust”. The infants learn to trust or not trust that their needs will be meet by the world, especially by mother. They believe to get all they want from surrounded adults and in the first place from the mother. But the real world sometimes does not confirm their believes. It produces a distrusting.
2. The late infancy or Toddler hood (from 18мo - 3 yrs) – It is the stage of independence against shame or autonomy versus shame, doubt. In this stage the children learn to exercise will, to make choices, to control themselves, or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves.
3. The Early Childhood (3-6 years) - an initiative against blame or initiative versus guilt. The children at this age become capable to learn, to initiate activities and they enjoy their accomplishments. In ditto time they see that there are many purposes that they can not reach. It causes them the feelings of insecurity, shame, guilt.
4. Middle childhood or Elementary school (6-12 yrs) age - an industry (zeal, zealousness) versus inferiority. The children learn to do things well. They develop drives of zeal and curiosity and want to learn. In opposite event the unwillingness to execute the lessons in general develops.

According to Eriksson in its psychosocial development the person overcomes 8 contradictions.

vs. Role Confusion. The teenagers consider thamselfs as unique

individuals but at the same time typicaly they unite in companies on alike interest principles. In opposite event the role confusion can appear whan the person starts to feel embarrassment from the personal waiting as much he or she wants to get from life.
6. Young adults –Initimacy vs. Isolation.
7. Mature age (Middle Adulthood) - Generativity vs. Stagnation or personal activity against inaction. The person Develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation.
8. The elderly age (Elder Adulthood) - Ego Integrity vs. Despair or a holistic perception of the world against despair. The person develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived over the lifespan.

E.Eriksson

principal differs from the cognitive theory and concerns of

the person adaptive behavior shaping.
Its main principle states that the person behavior is a product of external environmental determinants. The manipulation with the environment can be useful in modification of maladaptive behavior and in increasing of desirable behavior acts. The learning is considered terminated if a conditionally-reflex-relationships appear. In learning the people do not differ from the animals.

Pavlov's experiment with a dog, its gastric secretion, food

and bell when the repeatedly reiterative sound begins to play for a dog a signal to the dinner.

The great physiologist, laureate (1904) of Nobel prize in medicine, academician Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).

in children are selected:
1. Positive reinforcement. It means

that the desirable behavioral acts become more frequent because after that they follow the pleasing sensation (for instance, child eats vegetables, because after that he will get the sweets);
2. Negative reinforcement. The behavioral acts become less frequent because allow to avoid the unpleasant sensations ("The parental anger will drop if I hold myself a little farther from gas plate" );
3. Extinction or fading occurs when behavioral acts worked out by positive or negative reinforcement methods become rare because they are not supported by reception of expected sensations (for instance, the reasonable advice to ignore the crying of growing infant at bedtime which the parents can intensify by their attention and making a comfort if they put a child in their bed like before);
4. Punishment. This is an exclusive form of learning when the maladaptive behavior must be stopped immediately by severally unpleasant consequence.

if child`s actions were stopped by any adult.

misdeed is “A time out” (respite) . The child

has to stay within certain time (approximately 1-2 min. per year of age) without occupation in solitude indoors (only not in his bedroom) without television set, music etc.

deviations (so called marginal behaviour) develop as a consequences

of gained undesirable conditionally-reflex-relationships. They are capable to create the certain problems for the child and his parents (fears, stutter, fobias founded on painful waiting etc.).

means the physical violence directed on the child from

the side of adult person. Usually it is an intentional damage which some adults regard as a punishment. This violence may be dangerous for health and even for child life. It is known that 50% of children which suffer from violence repeatedly are subjected to abuse from their relatives and adopters. Most of this children have repeated attacks of violence and 5% of them perish.

6-month-old infant. The impact of a hand results in

an outline of the fingers rather than a silhouette.
В. Marks from impact with a coathanger. A coathanger, wire, or electric cord causes contusions and lacerations. An electric cord leaves a narrower-diameter loop mark.
С. Impact from belt buckle.

А.

В.

С.

right rib cage in a 9-month-old infant. Certain fractures

are more suggestive of intentional rather than accidental injuries. These include rib scapular and metaphyseal fractures and spinal fractures in preambulating children.

Defining a child as bordered (or marginal) in

his or her behavior it is enough to make a judgment: is this behavior act (for instance, chronic vagrancy) adaptive or not. This judgment must be based on analysis of external environments led the child to action in context with his physical, intellectual and social individual conditions.

1925) in his experiment “Bobo doll” has showed that

the actions of children also can be explained by the following to the adult behavioural modeles.

The role of temper.

The behavioral style depends on temper.
1. “Easy" children (40%

in population) are characterized by regularity of biological functions. There are a constant, regular mealtime and stable bedtime. For children of this group are typical the positive reactions to new and constant positive mood. (Sanguine)
2. "Difficult" children (10% in population) differ from others by irregularity of physiological functions, by negative reactions to new and avoiding of new stimulus and mainly negative background of the mood. Typically they are a melancholic persons.
3. "Slow" children (15% in population) are characterized by low level of activities, by usual desire to escape from new impressions and as a whole by gloomy (non-fun) background of the mood. (They are a group of phlegmatic).
4. The rest of children pertains to the mixed behavioral group.

motives forming behavior are different within the following periods:
-

early teens ( children 10-12 year old);
- average teens (12-14 year);
- late teens (14 - 21 year).

teens period the child is characterized by maximum somatic

growing and shaping his (her) secondary sexual signs. The thoughts of teenager are concentrated on the present and on members of peer group. Attention is fixed in the first place on physical and appearance body changes and their normalcy. The independence strive conflicts with the rudiments of "parenteral attachment".

teens period can be the most difficult and problematic

as for teenager as for his or her parents. The cognitive abilities become more constructive. From a formal operating by notions the teenager goes to operate with ideas considering things in their ideal sense. The young person searches for acknowledgement in others people. The significant importance for teenagers at this period is to confirm their identity with other peers. Often the teenager falls into a group of other teenagers and can accept the high risky life style spending a lot of time abroad of home.

events is:

- undesirable pregnancy;

- drugs addiction;
- motorcycle's and other accidents.

thinking including cogitations about future (about education, job, love

and marriage). The unsolved alerts in respect of their own independence can be shown that the young persons begin physically and practically move from families in area of the educational institutions, worker groups or military service divisions. The centrifugal trends in system "Me, as a young independent person" and "my parents, which see me a child" win centripetal ones. The parental attachment turns out for to be appeared again in new generations.