Презентация на тему Phonetic Styles

factors
3. Classifying phonetic styles

units undergo various changes under the influence of extralinguistic

factors. The bundle of these factors forms the extralinguistic situation. The extralinguistic situation determines the choice of language means, phonetic means in particular.

the way phonetic units (both segmental and suprasegmental) are

used in particular extralinguistic situations. It is concerned with the identification of style-forming means, i.e. The phonetic features that enable the native speaker to distinguish intuitively between different styles of pronunciation.

in terms of three components, i.e. purpose, participants and

setting. These components distinguish situations as the context in which speech interaction takes place.
Purpose is the most important factor that guides the communication. It is the task that is achieved in the course of communication.
Participants are people involved in communication. Speech is a marker of various characteristics of people, both individual and social: age, gender, family background, occupation, social roles.

orientation of participants, which is connected with the type

of speech activity they are engaged in. Scenes can also be described in the following terms: public – non-public (private), formal – informal, monologuing – dialoguing – poliloguing. The channel of communication is also to be taken into consideration: face-to-face interaction – telephone communication, mass media communication.

the choice of phonetic means and result in phonostylistic

variation are:
– the purpose, or aim of communication;
– the degree of formality of the situation;
– the degree of spontaneity;
– the speaker’s attitude.

communication may be called a style forming factor, while

all the others cause modifications within a particular style, which account for the existence of different kinds and genres of texts within each phonetic style. All the factors are interdependent and interconnected.

variations of sounds and intonation result from different combinations

of extralinguistic factors. Stylistic modifications of sounds are caused primarily by the degree of formality, while variations of intonation are basically determined by the aim of communication.

is characterized by a relatively high proportion of definite

segmental and prosodic features which are not typical of other styles. If some of them are used in other styles, they occur not as often and in combination with other features. Therefore each phonetic style is characterized by a specific combination of certain segmental and prosodic features.
Segmental style-forming means: the degree of assimilation, reduction, elision.
Prosodic style-forming means: departure from a norm of loudness, tonal variation, variations of pitch levels, departure from a normal tempo, pauses.

to be careful and is characterized by articulatory precision.

In informal situations speech is generally faster and less careful. In informal casual discourse (fast colloquial speech) the processes of simplification take place: assimilation, reduction, elision.
Each of the five phonetic styles is used in a particular sphere of discourse and is characterized by a set of prosodic features, which in their combination form the model of the phonetic style.

different principles. They differ in the number of styles

which are singled out.
Some principles of classifications of pronunciation styles are:
the degree of carefulness;
the extent of formality;
the rate of speech;
the social situations;
the phonetic features and other linguistic characteristics of the numerous varieties of speech forms;
the phonetic features and other linguistic characteristics of the numerous varieties of speech forms and the extent of formality (S. Gaiduchik).

classification of phonetic styles is based on the purpose

of communication, which is the most significant extralinguistic factor. Five phonetic styles can be singled out according to the purpose of communication:
1. Informational style;
2. Academic (Scientific) style;
3. Publicistic (Oratorial) style;
4. Declamatory (Artistic) style;
5. Conversational (Familiar) style.

be an increasing body of evidence to support the

view that scholars should distinguish between
1) phonetic styles of spontaneous speech (conversation, spontaneous monologue, etc.);
2) phonetic styles of prepared speech (lectures, speeches, etc.);
3) phonetic styles of reading aloud.
In their turn, the phonetic styles of spontaneous speech should be classified into
a) official style;
b) informal style or the style of everyday-life discourse, and
c) familiar (careless) style.
Each of these subgroups includes numerous varieties which are modified by extralinguistic factors.