Презентация на тему Презентации по грамматике и фонетике

pronouns: some/any and their derivatives.
Articulation of sounds.
The adjective. The

of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, vocal cords,

groupings:
Respiratory system: Lungsgenerating air stream
Phonatory system: larynx and vocal

pulmonic airstream. i.e. lungs pushing the air outwards
During speech,

trachea
Contains the two vocal folds, one on the left

in the larynx while their inner edges are free.
If

known as ‘vocal tract’
The shape of the vocal tract

upper teeth
Hard palate-bony structure
Soft palate or velum-at the back

front
2) Blade below the alveolar ridge
3) Front below the

communicating.

the mouth closed with the lips pressed together
Drop

pressed together.
Open the mouth as wide as one third

a person, place, or
thing. (You might like

and have a singular and plural form
We

two pears

COUNTABLE NOUNS

many apples
COUNTABLE NOUNS

usually have no plural
food: cheese, butter, sugar, meat, jam

advice, weather, news, bread, hair, furniture, work

the singular
We do not use a/an or one but

is some meat on the table

There is some milk

rice
2. potato
3. information
4. man
5. bread
6. poetry
7. mile
8. vegetable
9. weather
10.

rice
2. potato
3. information
4. man
5. bread
6. poetry
7. mile
8. vegetable
9. weather
10.

like milk.  3. I prefer tea.  4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened

Exercise 2: Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

like milk. U  3. I prefer tea. U 4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened

Exercise 2: Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

Their derivatives
Exceptions for their derivatives

used in special questions, as well as in general

of «некоторые», with the meaning «часть» used in both

an affirmative sentence with the meaning “любой, всякий“
You can

body/one (кто-то, кто-нибудь)
Some

body/one (кто-то, кто-нибудь)
Any

something (and not anyone, anybody, anything) are used in

can be used, either in affirmative or in negative

She wants to buy (anything / some / any)

tea in the crystal  glass, but it is very

mechanism
Resonator mechanism
Obstruction mechanism
How sounds are classified
Tongue-twisters

of altering the flow of air through the vocal

are active directly or indirectly in the process of

the air-stream passes to the upper stages of the

larynx starts with a passage way called pharynx. Then

parts called articulatorswhich are used in speaking. The tongue, the lower jaw

and vowels is that consonants make some obstruction to

silence in a dull dark dock In a pestilential prison

adjective
Morphological composition of the adjective
The degree of comparison
Exercises

Contents:

many puppies? Three!
The students who neglected to prepare for Mrs.

Which students? Not the good students but the lazy slackers.

these, that, those

Indefinite (неопределенный): some, any

Negative (отрицательный): no

Distributive (разделительный):

attribute.
An adjective can be put after the verb to be (is). This is called predicative

The adjective has the following syntactical characteristics: in a sentence the adjective may be used as an attribute or as a predicative.

Syntactical characteristics of adjective

have neither prefixes nor suffixes: e. g. good, red,

Morphological composition of the adjective.

irregular
dis-: dishonest
3. Compound adjectives are adjectives built from two

positive degree is the basic form of the adjective)
The Volga

The degree of comparison

The forms assumed by an adjective to show that a quality may exist in various degrees with two objects or with one and the same object at different times are called degrees of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison in English: a) the positive degree;
b) the comparative degree;
c) the superlative degree.

comparison of simple adjectives:

letter 'y', we need to replace 'y' with 'i'

In order to transform the word ending with letter 'y', we need to replace 'y' with 'i' and then add “est” such as:
lovely-loveliest
happy-happiest
pretty-prettiest
tasty-tastiest
lucky-luckiest

Sitemap

adjectives or consisting of three or more syllables:
Adjective
more
The Comparative

most

Adjective

The Superlative Degree

root:

degree of the adjective given in the brackets.

1. My

Answers

important than wealth.
3. Blood is thicker than water.
4. Everest is the highest peak in

like dark coffee.
B. This is the fastest car I’ve

Answers

like dark coffee.
B. This is the fastest car I’ve

phoneme. Its functions
The system of English phonemes
Transcription

speech sound is a physical phenomenon produced by the

the power mechanism which consists of the diaphragm, the

language units called phonemes. A phoneme may be thought

of view of its three aspects. 

Firstly, the phoneme is

how different their articulation may be, function as the

Phonology investigates them as units which serve people for

material form of speech sounds of different type. Various

classes of sound traditionally distinguished by phoneticians in most

following principles:
1. Stability of articulation;
2. Tongue position;
3. Lip position;
4.

subdivided into:
a) monophthongs (simple vowels) which are pronounced with

classified into: rounded (labialized): [u], [u:],[o],[ o:] and unrounded

as "transcription".
Transcription is a set symbols representing speech sounds.

numerals
Multiplicative numerals
Decimal numbers
Fractions
And percentages.
Examples
What is

part of speech that defines the number or the

3

4

1

2

5

6

7

8

9

10

to a size of a group (one, two, ...)
Ordinal

bold are irregular in form or spelling.

in bold are irregular in form or spelling.

of the decimal separator)
decimal point
(the decimal
separator)
fractional part
(the part

the integer part is read as a whole number the decimal point is pronounced 'point' in the fractional part the numbers are read one by one

This example: sixteen point two five seven.

as an cardinal number and the denominator as an

( %) or the abbreviation pct.
In British English

a word or phrase that may be substituted for

primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense.

As they are used as adjectives, they are also

and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the

this, that, and such. They focus attention on the

question: who, whom, which, what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whatever

particular nouns, but refer to things or people in

clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These

the best things on TV.
Please hand me that.
This is some of

limited by the position of the tongue, teeth or

g , d , z , l , m

voiceless, velar plosive/stop
T: A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop

to the subject

disjunctive (tag) question
An alternative question
Question to the subject

Подлежащее
(subject)

Сказуемое
(predicate)
…..

modal verb)


Подлежащее
(subject)

Сказуемое
(predicate)
…
or
…

Подлежащее
(subject)
Сказуемое
(predicate)
…
Вопросительное слово
(interrogative word)
what
who
whom
whose
which 
why 
when
where
how 
How much 
how

them down in the boxes provided.

1) The book is

answers.


Example: She (get up) early/late? — Does she get up

that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth,

almost unchanging. The quality or such vowels is relatively

is in the front part or the mouth. The

speech glide from one vowel position to another within

slightly changing but the difference between the starting point

red)

Brown
fair share slow guy boy ouch away eye

in the articulation of the monophthongs and diphthongs.

is utilized with a thing to show the kind

called the indefinite article because it doesn’t state which

word beginning with a consonant sound
If it is followed

a book
a flag

an army an hour's walk

mentioned for the first time
I ate an apple for

After the attributes such, rather, quite.
He is such a

of “one”:
a) with price, distance, frequency, measure, weight, time:
Apples

definite article because it points out a particular person

word beginning with a consonant sound
If it is followed

the theatre

the apple

September

with superlative adjectives
the strongest man in the city
the

The definite article is used:

The Pacific Ocean

could be your family doctor.)
You must consult a doctor.

is power.




Before uncountable nouns:
Snow is white.

school library.

Before the words "some, any, every, etc“
There is

Africa,





States:

New York

Sovetskaya street

the article
Franklin Delano Roosevelt


NО!
If it is a question of

… book.
Is this your … pencil? –

Is this your pencil? – No, it isn’t

Keys

country. It consists of … 50 states. … Hawaii

consists of 50 states. Hawaii is the 50th state.

is red.
2. These are pencils. … pencils are

red.
2. These are pencils. The pencils are black
3.

Keys

Continuous
2. Past Continuous
3. Future Continuous

Mary is watching TV right now.
Future arrangements –

жалғанғанда да, сөз соңындағы –е әрпі түсіп қалады. dance

1. Қажетті етістіктерді қойыныздар:
Build, come, have, play, cook, stand, swim
 
1. Listen! John __________ the piano.
2. They _______ a new hotel in the city center at the moment.
3.        Look! Somebody _________ in the river.
4.        'You _______ on my foot.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.'
5.        Hurry up! The bus ________.

болуы While the children were watching TV, their mother

Around me people (to talk) German, Italian and English.
2.

This time next week I will be training for

_______ in a huge office in New York. (work)
This

day» (the simple sentence).
You said you went to the

A characteristic feature of the English language is the so-called SEQUENCE OF TIME: the verb of the subordinate clause depends on the time of the main sentence.

If the verb in the main sentence is in one of the past times, then the verb of the subordinate clause must stand in one of the past times.

Past Simple is consistent with Past Simple ( Past Simple instead of Present Simple

(in the subordinate clause Past simple instead of Present

2. You said that he was sitting on the table (Past Continuous instead of Present Continuous).

3. You said that I had done homework well (Past Perfect instead of Present Perfect)

Past Simple is consistent with Past Simple

Past Simple is consistent with Past Continuous

Past Simple is consistent with Past Perfect

a new car (Past Perfect instead of Past Simple).
5.

Past Simple is consistent with Past Perfect

Past Simple is consistent with Future in the Past

Simple).

observing the rules of sequence the times.

She said, “I

sentences.

1) I knew that my sister … (have/has/had) a

of Place and Time
Modal changes in indirect speech
Change of

is spoken by the speaker which is written by

continuous tenses do not change.
* In complex sentences the

7 o’clock.’
2. He said, ’I’m reading a book.’
3. He

Indirect Speech
1.He said that he got up at 7 o’clock.
2. He said that he was reading a book.
3.He said he had come.

4. He said that he had been waiting for me since 10 o’clock.’

Examples:

time or place in Direct Speech are generally changed

6. He said, ‘I was playing football yesterday from

Indirect speech

5. He said, ‘I played football yesterday’

6. He said, ‘I was playing football yesterday from 3 up to 4 o’clock’.

7. He said, ‘We had finished our work by 4 o’clock.


8. He said, ‘We will finish
our work in the evening’

if the reported sentence is still true at the

speech changes according to the subject ofreporting speech.
Direct: She

said his mother.
A) His mother said to go

tense
Future Perfect tense

үш шақ түріне ие болады:
Present Perfect tense –

(has) және етістіктің 3-ші формасы (Past Participle) арқылы жасалады.
1.

іс-әрекеттен немесе сәттен бұрын басталғанын білдіреді.
2. өтіп кеткен

орындалатын іс-әрекет.
Future Perfect tense жасалу жолы
Future Perfect

.

He _____ (finish) training.
She _____ (score) twenty points in

Тапсырма 2 жақшаны ашып Past Perfect формасын қойыңыздар
I ... (to have) breakfast before I went to school.
He went to meet his friends after he ... (to do) his homework.
By 8 o’clock the rain ... (to stop).
Alice was late because she ... (to miss) the bus.
She went to the post-office after she ... (to write) the letter.

Тапсырма3 жақшаны ашып Future Perfect. формасын қойыңыздар

I ________ a Londoner for five and a half years by next September. (be)
By Tuesday Jill ________ these novels by O’Henry. (finish)
Next year is Fred and Kate’s 10th wedding anniversary.
They _________ happily married for ten years. (be)
Molly thinks the film _________ by the time she gets to Fred’s. (to start)
They _________ the plans by then. (to finish)

of the syllable

Contents:

studied on both the phonetic and phonological levels of

a centre which has little or no obstruction to

syllabic structure of words and wordforms every vowel sound

and syllable division, and none of them is shared

lies in its ability to be a part of

is distinctive one. In this

illustrated by many more examples: an aim - a

Word Stress

to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in

out of one or more syllables in a word,

the two contract, we may note that in the

the force of utterance is greater, which is connected with more energetic articulation;

the pitch of the voice is higher, which is connected with stronger tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of the resonance chamber

the quantity of the vowel is greater, a vowel becomes longer;

the quality of the vowel !& in the stressed syllable is different from the quality of this vowel in the unstressed position, in why it is more narrow than.

to language. In different languages one of the factors

dynamic or force stress if special prominence in a stressed syllable(syllables) is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation;

musical or tonic stress if special prominence is achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone.

quantitative stress if special prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones.

qualitative stress if special prominence is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress. Vowel reduction is often used as a manipulation of quality in unstressed syllables.

ways of reinitiating the prominence of syllables is
manipulating the

The majority of British phoneticians
(D. Jones, Kingdon, A. C. Gimson
among them) and Russian
phoneticians (V. A. Vassilyev,
Shakhbagova) consider that there
are three degrees of word-stress in
English:
primary -- the strongest
secondary -- the second strongest, partial, and
weak -- all the other degrees.

The syllables bearing either primary
or secondary stress are termed
stressed, while syllables with weak
stress are called, somewhat
inaccurately, unstressed.

of WS Other American linguists also distinguish four degrees of

Loud
Reduced loud
Medial
Weak

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Weak

In languages with fixed type of stress the place

In English and Russian word-stress is free, that is it may fall any syllable in a word;

Stress in English and in Russian is not only free but also shifting. In both languages the place of stress may shift, which helps to differentiate different parts of speech, e.g. `insult--to in`sult, `import--to im`port.

– REFerence (noun)

exTRACT (verb) – EXtract (noun)

inCREASE (verb) –

word, it organizes
the syllables of a word Into a language

a
succession of syllables as a definite accentual
pattern

the meaning of words or their forms, thus performing

words is liable to instability due to the different

word stress are systematized in the typology of accentual

in small number of words.

The most widely spread among

and secondary stress
Stress in compound words
Word stress and rhythm
Questions

in Russian is free, in the sense that the

stress in English is the product of its historical

no referential meaning the stress is shifted onto the

‛finish, ‛answer, ‛marriage, be‛hind, re ‛sult.
Some disyllabic French

or rhythmic stress, eg ‛architect, ‛criticism, ‛characterize, re‛markable, ar‛ticulate.
Rhythmic

is manifested in polysyllabic words with the primary stress

morphemes are called compounds.
The spelling of compound words differs.

English word stress?
Give a series of examples to illustrate

focus is on the action. It is not important

than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A

Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) + by(animate) +with(inanimate)

letter -
A letter is written by Alma
Simple past, Alma

/ print .
The document are printed
The window

write 
The test was written
the table / set 
The table was

send 
The postcard has been sent
the pencils / count 
The pencils

visit
The exhibition will be visited
the windows / clean
The windows

Possible & Improbable conditions
Third Type: Impossible conditions
Other expressions used

& Improbable conditions
Third Type: Impossible conditions
Conditional Types
Other Conditional sentences
Wish

imaginary present or improbable future situations

an impossible situation happened in the Past with NO

form (1st Conditional)

If you _______ (not/explain), I won’t understand.

If

understand.

If he passes his exam, he’ll go on to

form (2nd Conditional)
I f I they offered me the

job, I would take it.
I’m sure Tom will lend

FUNCTION.

functional value of the pitch
Sentence stress
The tempo of speech

in syllables and words and intended to produce meaningful

unity of changes in voice pitch or tone, intensity

of intonation.
By voice timbre we mean the colouring of

group (an actualized syntagm) – a group of words

sentences
attitudinal/modal
stylistic

washed and dressed her \baby. (1)
She washed and

anybody.

\anybody (= to nobody)
\any⁄ body (= to those whom

you be ⁄ quiet. (request)
The pitch differentiates the

or more words according to their relative importance in

stress

Rhythmic stress is a subtitle of normal stress.
Rhythm is

utterance and pausation.
The rate of speech can be fast

phonation.

PAUSES

Short Syntactic
Normal Emphatic
Long Hesitation

pause emphasizes the following part of the utterance.
She

system which is formed by the interrelation of lexical,

pronunciation of unstress syllables:

Write to her. Read to me.

| come in. 'Glad to see you. 'Do not'

express?
Categories
A last tip
Practice

really should eat some veg with it.”
“I usually just

some veg with it.”
“I usually just eat burgers.”
“You must

He swims really well. He _____ practise a lot.
It

He swims really well. He must practise a lot.
It

spoken English:

It shows the speaker's attitude to the words they

the beginning of the sentences, rises at the information

that good yet.

fifth?

with you sometime?

positions
Comparisons of adverbs
EXAMPLES

that is used to change or qualify the meaning

word which is used to modify verb, adjective or

tell the time that an action happens or someone

to tell the place where an action occurs or

tell how an action happens.
Those Adverbs of Manner are:
Badly,

expresses how often something happens or someone does something.
Always,

show how sure when someone does something.
Probably, perhaps, definitely,

give information about the extent or degree of something.
Very,

comparisons. The positive is the base word (fast, quietly).

we add “er” to adverbs to make comparative and

syllables we add “more” to adverbs to form comparative

forms from positive to superlative like (well, better, best)

extent" or "how" Joseph ran.)
2) Let's go to the

tense
Future perfect continuous tense
Examples

minutes
Не have been speaking for 10 minutes
Had been /