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Word Stress
A. Stress on first syllable
rule
example
Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport.,
CHIna, Table
Most 2-syllable adjectives PRESent, HAPpy
CLEVer, SLENder,
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B. Stress on last syllable
rule
example
Most 2-syllable verbs exPORT, deCIDE,
beGIN
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2-syllable words whose meaning and class change with
a change in stress
noun
verb
PREsent preSENT
Export exPORT
CONTRact contrACT
OBject obJECT
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C. Stress on penultimate syllable
(penultimate
= second from end)
rule
example
Words ending in -ic GRAPHic, geoLOGic,
geoGRAPHic
Words ending in -sion teleVIsion
and -tion reveLAtion
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D. Stress on ante-penultimate
syllable (ante-penultimate =
third from end)
rule example
Words ending in –cy, deMOcracy, geOLogy
-ty, -phy and -gy dependaBILity,
phoTOgraphy
Words ending in -al CRItical,geoLOGical
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E. Compound words
rule
example
For compound nouns – BLACKbird,
on the first part GREENhouse
For compound adjectives- bad-TEMpered,
on the second part old-FASHioned
For compound verbs – underSTAND,
on the second part overFLOW
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Rhythm
Content words (have the most stress):
Nouns,
Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs
Function words (are weaker and shorter):
Auxiliary verbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions
(but, not…), Determiners (the, some, each…), Possessive adjectives (my, your…)
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Content words are stressed more (pronounced louder and
longer) than functions words.
When are you coming to dinner?
I
have never liked the color red.
Motorcycles can be dangerous to drive or ride on.
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Stress Timing
English is a stressed timed language. The
time it takes to say something depends on the
number of stressed syllables, not the number of syllables.
Bob ate some corn. (4 syl.)
Kenny has swam to France and back. (8 syl.)
The Americans are buying some souvenirs and posters. (15 syl.)
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Intonation
Intonation Patterns
-Statements:
I like riding horses.
-Wh questions:
When do you
go riding?
-Yes/no questions:
Do you ever fall off ?
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-Commands:
Get off the horse now.
-Requests:
Can I go with
you sometime?
-Choice questions:
Does she like chicken or meat?
-Tag questions:
Susan
ate, didn’t she?
-Giving lists:
Samuel likes pizza, tacos, spaghetti, hamburgers, and hot dogs.
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If you don’t move your voice up and
down, you will sound
b-o-r-in-g !!!
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Consonants
th sounds
There are two pronunciations for the th
sounds,
-voiced:
thin, think, tooth, something, thank
Math and theology are worth thinking about to be wealthy and healthy.
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-voiceless:
the, them, rather, another, seethe
Another father withered in
the hot weather.
That brother’s mother and father smooth lathered
leather.
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How to pronounce /w/ and /v/ sounds:
wet
vet
way vane
weather rave
between believe
Slow sweaty wombats wallow in wet watery swilling sewage.
Conservation drives savvy investors to save their valuables in vaults.
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How to pronounce the /r/ sound:
red,
bar, arrive, revere, room, ready
Rowdy Brandy arrived in the
room ready to rock and roll.
How to pronounce /h/ sound:
Hat, heaven, behold, ahead, hash
Heaven has heaps of hot heads who have behaved hellishly.
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How to pronounce ng sound
Most of the time
when you see the letters NG, you want to
pronounce them as one sound only, the NG sound [ŋ]. Can you make this sound without a hard G [g] sound?
hung laughing
spring expecting
song remembering
wing swimming
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Vowels
How to pronounce the sound in were-work-worth-word-world
ir (bird),
er (berg), ur (urge):
dirty
clergy splurge
stirring submerge purge
The eager orator’s terse verses deserved the youngsters nervous laughter.
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How to pronounce the sounds in
bed –
bad, men – man, send – sand…
Open your mouth
a bit more to pronounce/æ/
apple, hamster, mask, automat, candle.
That fat cat sat on a black hat.
Masked cattle and lambs ransacked the ranch in the valley.
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How to pronounce the sounds in
set –
sit – seat, ship - sheep
pen
pin peenge
ten tin teen
peg pig peak
bell bill beal
cheque chick cheek
Everything in this fridge is fresh, sweetie.