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Презентация на тему History of biotechnology

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2. What Is Biotechnology?Using scientific methods with organisms
3. Beer is an ancient foodstuffAncient beer was
4. Yeast cellsBoth beer and bread were developed
5. Cheese & yogurt also came about due to microbial contamination
6. Classical BiotechnologyRefinement of fermentation techniques during 18th
7. Herbal plants have been used since ancient
8. Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified
9. Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources: Morphine Poppies Caffeine Coffee/Tea Nicotine Tabacco Emetine Ipecac Atropine Belladonna Quinine Cinchona Tree
10. During 19th C. quinine was critical to
11. Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acidKnown under its trade name, Aspirin
12. Penicillin
13. Penicillium moldIn 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something
14. In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed
15. 1st human patient was a policeman
16. By D-Day the U.S. was making
18. Genetics - historical perspectivePractical genetics 7,000 yeas
19. A domesticated animal is one which has
20. Wolf/Dog domestication lead to: Alteration in body size Reduction
21. http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htmModern sheep have been bred not to lose their wool
22. Most domesticated species arose in SW
23. Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal
24. The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took
25. ExampleWheat is a grass spread seeds called
26. Hybridization played a role in the evolution of modern grains
27. Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE
28. Mutation responsible for this change has been
43. Later Concepts1900 - Not until 34 years
44. First StructureBy 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)Phoebus
45. So…If DNA was a single covalently bonded
46. T. H. Morgan’s Fruit Flies 1907-1930s
48. Frederick Griffith, 1928 Transformation of BacteriaTransforming factor ?
49. Avery, McCarty and MacLeodAfter 10 yrs of
50. Erwin Chargaff1949-1953Digested many DNAs and subjected products
52. X-ray Crystallography of DNAFranklin and Wilkins
53. Watson and Crick1953 propose double helix modelRight-handed double helixCollaborated at Cambridge, England.
54. ImpactArticle in Nature“It has not escaped our
55. DNA Replication
56. Скачать презентацию
57. Похожие презентации

What Is Biotechnology?Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organismsAny technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or

Applied molecular biologyBook: Glick, Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and application of recombinant DNABiotechnologyMolecular genetics

Beer is an ancient foodstuffAncient beer was not just drink, but foodThick

Yeast cellsBoth beer and bread were developed around the same time in

Cheese & yogurt also came about due to microbial contamination

Classical BiotechnologyRefinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and 19th C.During 20th C.

Herbal plants have been used since ancient timesEven today, 25% of our

Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in numerous plant families, most

Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources: Morphine Poppies Caffeine Coffee/Tea Nicotine Tabacco Emetine Ipecac Atropine Belladonna Quinine Cinchona Tree

During 19th C. quinine was critical to British colonial expansion Extracted from

Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acidKnown under its trade name, Aspirin

Penicillium moldIn 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd about a petri dish

In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that penicillin could stop infection

1st human patient was a policeman with staphylococcal & streptococcal infections

By D-Day the U.S. was making millions of doses. Unfortunately, neither

Genetics - historical perspectivePractical genetics 7,000 yeas ago corn breeding - Central

A domesticated animal is one which has been bred in captivityThru artifical

Wolf/Dog domestication lead to: Alteration in body size Reduction in skull & tooth size Shortening

http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htmModern sheep have been bred not to lose their wool

Most domesticated species arose in SW Asia or China Of the ~150

Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal Species Value to humans

The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took place between 10 000 &

ExampleWheat is a grass spread seeds called grainsMutants developed that did not

Hybridization played a role in the evolution of modern grains

Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to 1500CEThe evolution of modern

Mutation responsible for this change has been identifiedIt is not a change

Later Concepts1900 - Not until 34 years after its publication did Mendel’s

First StructureBy 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)Phoebus Levene proposed a tetranucleotide structure

So…If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide structure then it couldn’t

Frederick Griffith, 1928 Transformation of BacteriaTransforming factor ?

Avery, McCarty and MacLeodAfter 10 yrs of effort published work using Griffith’s

Erwin Chargaff1949-1953Digested many DNAs and subjected products to chromatographic separationResultsA = T,

X-ray Crystallography of DNAFranklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick1953 propose double helix modelRight-handed double helixCollaborated at Cambridge, England.

ImpactArticle in Nature“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 What Is Biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to

What Is Biotechnology?Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products

produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique

that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

Слайд 3 Beer is an ancient foodstuff
Ancient beer was not

Beer is an ancient foodstuffAncient beer was not just drink, but

just drink, but food
Thick drink with high caloric value

as well as alcohol

Слайд 4 Yeast cells
Both beer and bread were developed around

Yeast cellsBoth beer and bread were developed around the same time

the same time in the middle east
Early bread was

flat, but when wild yeast contaminated the dough, a fluffier, sweeter bread was created
Beer arose out of the liquid soaked bread

Слайд 5 Cheese & yogurt also came about due to

microbial contamination

Слайд 6 Classical Biotechnology

Refinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and

Classical BiotechnologyRefinement of fermentation techniques during 18th and 19th C.During 20th

19th C.
During 20th C. fermentation expanded to the production

of:
Glycerol
Acetone
Butanol
Lactic acid
Citric acid

Слайд 7 Herbal plants have been used since ancient times
Even

Herbal plants have been used since ancient timesEven today, 25% of

today, 25% of our common medicines contain at least

some compounds obtained from plants
Why do plants create these compounds?
Protection from herbivory and predation
Allelopathy - plants secrete toxins from their roots that prevent the germination of other plants in their root zone

Biopharmaceuticals

Слайд 8 Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in

Alkaloids: Over 5,000 alkaloids have been identified in numerous plant families,

numerous plant families, most in the angiosperms

Contain nitrogen
Alkaline

Bitter
Physiological effect on animals, often on nervous system
Names of most alkaloids end in "...ine"

http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci124/lec29.html
http://www.uky.edu/~dhild/biochem/26/quinoline.gif

Слайд 9 Common Medicinal Alkaloids & their Sources:
Morphine Poppies
Caffeine Coffee/Tea
Nicotine Tabacco
Emetine Ipecac
Atropine Belladonna
Quinine Cinchona Tree

Слайд 10 During 19th C. quinine was critical to British

During 19th C. quinine was critical to British colonial expansion Extracted

colonial expansion
Extracted from the bark of the cinchona

plant
Not enough could be extracted, another source was needed

http://www2.unil.ch/lpc/images/docu04/0_doc/quinine.gif

Слайд 11 Bayer discovered way to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid
Known under

its trade name, Aspirin

Слайд 12 Penicillin

Слайд 13 Penicillium mold
In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd

Penicillium moldIn 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed something odd about a petri

about a petri dish contaminated with mold
The mold seemed

to kill the bacteria
Fleming was unable to isolate the bactericidal action

Слайд 14
In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that

In 1940 Norman Heatley finally showed that penicillin could stop

penicillin could stop infection
Mice were infected with streptococcus

bacteria
Half were given penicillin.
Those receiving penicillin survived, those that didn’t died.

No penicillin penicillin

24 hrs. later

No penicillin penicillin

Слайд 15 1st human patient was a policeman with

1st human patient was a policeman with staphylococcal & streptococcal

staphylococcal & streptococcal infections which had already taken part

of his face and an eye
He began to recover, but later died
2nd patient was a 15 yr. old boy septic from a hip operation
Two days after receiving penicillin his temperature dropped back to normal after being at 100° for 2 wks

Слайд 16 By D-Day the U.S. was making millions

By D-Day the U.S. was making millions of doses. Unfortunately,

of doses.
Unfortunately, neither Heatley nor his boss patented

the discovery. This was done by U.S. firms.
Thus for 25 yrs. England had to pay royalties on its own discovery.

Слайд 17

Слайд 18 Genetics - historical perspective
Practical genetics 7,000 yeas ago

Genetics - historical perspectivePractical genetics 7,000 yeas ago corn breeding -

corn breeding - Central America
rice breeding - China
horse pedigree

- Babylon

Genetics - science - Mendel

Слайд 19 A domesticated animal is one which has been

A domesticated animal is one which has been bred in captivityThru

bred in captivity
Thru artifical selection they are modified from

their ancestors for use by humans

Before After

http://www.doganswers.com/method.htm
http://www.billybear4kids.com/animal/whose-toes/toes-61a-wolf.html

Слайд 20 Wolf/Dog domestication lead to:
Alteration in body size
Reduction in

Wolf/Dog domestication lead to: Alteration in body size Reduction in skull & tooth

skull & tooth size
Shortening of the jaw bones
Affection for

humans
Variation in coat color
Tendency towards barking

By 6000BC dog skeletons are found along side human remains

Слайд 21
http://nemp.otago.ac.nz/read_speak/2004/read_comprehension/shrek.htm
Modern sheep have been bred not to lose

their wool

Слайд 22 Most domesticated species arose in SW Asia

or China

Of the ~150 species of terrestrial non-carnivores >100

lbs, only 14 have been domesticated
13 are of Eurasian origin, one from mesoamerica
None derive from Australia or sub-Saharan Africa

Слайд 23 Desirable Characteristics for Domestication of an Animal Species

Value to humans as food, draft, fiber, or hunting
Large

herbivores offer energy use advantages
Rapidly reach their desired size
Must be able to breed in captivity
Good disposition & social structure

Слайд 24 The switch from hunter-gatherer to farmer took place

between 10 000 & 5 000 years ago
Both Eurasia

& the Americas developed large numbers of domesticated crops
The development of agriculture required changes in wild plants such that they were amendable to cultivation
Many of these changes were either brought about by humans or were capitalized by them

Plant Domestication

Слайд 25 Example
Wheat is a grass spread seeds called grains
Mutants

ExampleWheat is a grass spread seeds called grainsMutants developed that did

developed that did not lose seed
This made it easier

for humans to collect

Слайд 26 Hybridization played a role in the evolution of

modern grains

Слайд 27 Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to

Changes in corn size from 5000 BCE to 1500CEThe evolution of

1500CE
The evolution of modern corn took several thousand years
Selection

for larger ears by mesoamericans created modern corn by the time Europeans had reached the Americas

Слайд 28 Mutation responsible for this change has been identified
It

Mutation responsible for this change has been identifiedIt is not a

is not a change in a gene itself, rather

it is a decrease in the expression of the gene tb1

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Слайд 43 Later Concepts
1900 - Not until 34 years after

Later Concepts1900 - Not until 34 years after its publication did

its publication did Mendel’s work receive additional attention, with

publications in 1900 by three Botanists: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tsernak;
1902 - Walter Sutton first integrated the concepts of chromosomes with Mendel’s laws, in studies of grasshopper reproduction and cell division and concluded that Mendel’s heritable factors must be on the chromosomes.
1907 – T.H. Morgan began his work with fruit flies, ultimately mapping gene locations.

Слайд 44 First Structure
By 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)
Phoebus Levene

First StructureBy 1910 actual components known (nucleotides)Phoebus Levene proposed a tetranucleotide

proposed a tetranucleotide structure for DNA
Tetranucleotide repeat of

ATCG
Own data showed nucleotides not in 1:1:1:1 ratio
Differences “probably experimental error…”

Слайд 45 So…
If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide

So…If DNA was a single covalently bonded tetranucleotide structure then it

structure then it couldn’t easily encode information
Proteins, on the

other hand, had 20 different amino acids and could have lots of variation
Most geneticists focused on “transmission genetics” and passively accepted proteins as being the likely genetic material

Слайд 46 T. H. Morgan’s Fruit Flies 1907-1930s

Слайд 47

Слайд 48 Frederick Griffith, 1928 Transformation of Bacteria

Transforming factor ?

Слайд 49 Avery, McCarty and MacLeod
After 10 yrs of effort

Avery, McCarty and MacLeodAfter 10 yrs of effort published work using

published work using Griffith’s approach to assay for the

genetic material
Used
Cell-free extract of S cells
From 75 liters of cell culture obtained 10-25 mg of “active factor
Proteases, RNases, DNases, etc.

Transforming factor is DNA

Слайд 50 Erwin Chargaff
1949-1953
Digested many DNAs and subjected products to

Erwin Chargaff1949-1953Digested many DNAs and subjected products to chromatographic separationResultsA =

chromatographic separation
Results
A = T, C = G
A + G

= C + T (purine = pyrimidine)
A + T does not equal C + G
Members of a species similar but different species vary in AT/CG ratio

Слайд 51

Слайд 52 X-ray Crystallography of DNA
Franklin and Wilkins

Слайд 53 Watson and Crick
1953 propose double helix model
Right-handed double

helix
Collaborated at Cambridge, England.

Слайд 54 Impact
Article in Nature
“It has not escaped our notice

ImpactArticle in Nature“It has not escaped our notice that the specific

that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests

a possible copy mechanism for the genetic material”
Second paper 2 months later describes semiconservative replication and that mutations must change bases in DNA (information encoded in the bases and their order)
DNA became the genetic material…