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Презентация на тему Intralinguistic relations of words. Types of semantic relations. (Lecture 6)
Содержание
- 2. INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDSSYNTAGMATIC RELATIONSPARADIGMATIC RELATIONSSEMANTIC SIMILARITYSEMANTIC CONTRASTBASIC TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS PROXIMITYEQUIVALENCEINCLUSION. HYPONYMIC STRUCTURESOPPOSITION.
- 3. I. Intralinguistic Relations of WordsFerdinand de Saussure:Intralinguistic
- 4. 1.1. Syntagmatic Relations - are the relationships that
- 5. syntagmatic relations are linear relations between wordsThe
- 6. Context - the minimal stretch of speech
- 7. 1.2. PARADIGMATIC REALTIONS - are the relations that
- 8. The distinction between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations is conventionally indicated by horizontal and vertical presentation.
- 9. II. SEMANTIC SIMILARITYLexical units may also be
- 10. Similar relations between word-groups and sentences are
- 11. Synonyms are traditionally described as words different
- 12. Firstly, it seems impossible to speak of
- 13. The verb look, is usually treated as
- 14. One of the ways of discriminating between
- 15. Secondly,it seems impossible to speak of identity
- 16. The connotational component or the stylistic reference
- 17. The words, e.g. to die, to walk,
- 18. Thirdly,it does not seem possible to speak
- 19. Words in synonymic sets are in general
- 20. Thus it seems necessary to modify the
- 21. Differentiation of synonyms may be observed in different semantic components — denotational or connotational.
- 22. The difference in denotational meaning cannot exceed
- 23. The verbs look, seem, appear, e.g., are
- 24. There is a certain difference in the
- 25. The relationship of synonymity implies certain differences
- 26. This assumption cannot be accepted as synonymous
- 27. That department of an institution which is
- 28. This fact may be explained as follows:
- 29. Secondly, interchangeability alone cannot serve as a
- 30. Thus a more acceptable definition of synonyms
- 31. III. SEMANTIC CONTRASTAntonymy in general shares many
- 32. The term opposite meaning is rather vague
- 33. Comparing the adjective kind and unkind we
- 34. II. BASIC TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS 2.1.
- 35. The adjectives are characterized by certain features
- 36. Semantic Proximityred and green share the semantic
- 37. 2.2. Equivalenceimplies full similarity of meaning of
- 38. 2.3. INCLUSION. HYPONYMIC STRUCTURE - type of semantic
- 39. The general term – vehicle, tree, animal
- 40. In hyponymic structure certain words may be
- 41. The principle of such hierarchical classification is
- 42. Personsadults (man, woman, husband, etc.);children (boy, girl,
- 43. The problem of great importance for linguists
- 44. In English
- 45. 2.4. OPPOSITION -is the contrast of semantic
- 46. Polar oppositions are those which are based
- 47. Relative oppositions imply that there are several
- 48. Summary and Conclusions:1. Paradigmatic (or selectional) and
- 49. On the syntagmatic axis the word-meaning is
- 50. Linguistic (verbal) contexts comprise lexical and grammatical
- 51. The semantic structure of polysemantic words is
- 52. Synonymy and antonymy are correlative and sometimes
- 53. It is suggested that the term synonyms
- 54. The term antоnуms is to be applied
- 55. Скачать презентацию
- 56. Похожие презентации
INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDSSYNTAGMATIC RELATIONSPARADIGMATIC RELATIONSSEMANTIC SIMILARITYSEMANTIC CONTRASTBASIC TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS PROXIMITYEQUIVALENCEINCLUSION. HYPONYMIC STRUCTURESOPPOSITION.
Слайд 2
INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDS
SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS
PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS
SEMANTIC SIMILARITY
SEMANTIC CONTRAST
BASIC
TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS
Слайд 3
I. Intralinguistic Relations of Words
Ferdinand de Saussure:
Intralinguistic relations
exist between words
They are basically of two types:
syntagmatic and paradigmatic
Слайд 4
1.1. Syntagmatic Relations -
are the relationships that a
linguistic unit has with other units in the stretch
of speech in which it occurs.He got a letter (to receive);
He got tired (to become);
He got to London (to arrive);
He could not get the piano through the door (to move smth. to or from a position or place).
Слайд 5
syntagmatic relations are linear relations between words
The adjective
yellow:
colour: a yellow dress;
envious, suspicious: a yellow look;
corrupt: the
yellow press Слайд 6 Context - the minimal stretch of speech determining
each individual meaning of the word.
free or denominative
meanings - the meaning or meanings representative of the semantic structure of the word and least dependent on context:table – a piece of furniture;
make - construct, produce’
Слайд 7
1.2. PARADIGMATIC REALTIONS -
are the relations that a
linguistic unit has with units by which it may
be replaced: sets of synonyms, pairs of antonyms, lexico-semantic groups, etc.E.G. to get synonymic set: to obtain, to receive, to gain, to acquire, etc.
Слайд 8 The distinction between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations is
conventionally indicated by horizontal and vertical presentation.
Слайд 9
II. SEMANTIC SIMILARITY
Lexical units may also be classified
by the criterion of semantic similarity and semantic contrasts.
The terms generally used to denote these two types of semantic relatedness are synonymy and antonymy.Слайд 10 Similar relations between word-groups and sentences are described
as semantic equivalence.
Synonyms may be found in different
parts of speech and both among notional and function words. For example, though and albeit, on and upon, since and as are synonymous because these phonemically different words are similar in their denotational meaning.Слайд 11 Synonyms are traditionally described as words different in
sound-form but identical or similar in meaning.
This definition
has been severely criticised on many points.
Слайд 12
Firstly,
it seems impossible to speak of identical
or similar meaning of words as such as this
part of the definition cannot be applied to polysemantic words. It is inconceivable that polysemantic words could be synonymous in all their meanings.Слайд 13 The verb look, is usually treated as a
synonym of see, watch, observe, etc., but in another
of its meanings it is not synonymous with this group of words but rather with the verbs seem, appear (cf. to look at smb and to look pale).The number of synonymic sets of a polysemantic word tends as a rule to be equal to the number of individual meanings the word possesses.
Слайд 14 One of the ways of discriminating between different
meanings of a word is the interpretation of these
meanings in terms of their synonyms, e.g. the two meanings of the adjective handsome are synonymously interpreted as handsome — ‘beautiful’ (usually about men) and handsome — ‘considerable, ample’ (about sums, sizes, etc.).
Слайд 15
Secondly,
it seems impossible to speak of identity or
similarity of lexical meaning as a whоle as it
is only the denotational component that may be described as identical or similar. If we analyse words that are usually considered synonymous, e.g. to die, to pass away; to begin, to commence, etc.,Слайд 16 The connotational component or the stylistic reference of
these words is entirely different and it is only
the similarity of the denotational meaning that makes them synonymous.Слайд 17 The words, e.g. to die, to walk, to
smile, etc., may be considered identical as to their
stylistic reference or emotive charge, but as there is no similarity of denotational meaning they are never felt as synonymous words.
Слайд 18
Thirdly,
it does not seem possible to speak of
identity of meaning as a criterion of synonymity since
identity of meaning is very rare even among monosemantic words.Cases of complete synonymy are very few and are confined to technical nomenclatures where we can find monosemantic terms completely identical in meaning as, for example, spirant and fricative in phonetics.
Слайд 19 Words in synonymic sets are in general differentiated
because of some element of opposition in each member
of the set. The word handsome, e.g., is distinguished from its synonym beautiful mainly because the former implies the beauty of a male person or broadly speaking only of human beings, whereas beautiful is opposed to it as having no such restrictions in its meaning.
Слайд 20
Thus
it seems necessary to modify the traditional
definition and to formulate it as follows: synonyms are
words different in sound-form but similar in their denotational meaning or meanings. Synonymous relationship is observed only between similar denotational meanings of phonemically different words.Слайд 21 Differentiation of synonyms may be observed in different
semantic components — denotational or connotational.
Слайд 22 The difference in denotational meaning cannot exceed certain
limits, and is always combined with some common denotational
component.Слайд 23 The verbs look, seem, appear, e.g., are viewed
as members of one synonymic set as all three
of them possess a common denotational semantic component “to be in one’s view, or judgement, but not necessarily in fact” and come into comparison in this meaning (cf. he seems (looks), (appears), tired).Слайд 24 There is a certain difference in the meaning
of each verb:
seem suggests a personal opinion based
on evidence (e.g. Nothing seems right when one is out of sorts); look implies that opinion is based on a visual impression (e.g. The city looks its worst in March),
appear sometimes suggests a distorted impression (e.g. The setting sun made the spires appear ablaze).
Слайд 25 The relationship of synonymity implies certain differences in
the denotational meaning of synonyms.
This classification proceeds from
the assumption that synonyms may differ either in the denotational meaning (ideographic synonyms) оr the connotational meaning, or to be more exact stylistic reference.Слайд 26 This assumption cannot be accepted as synonymous words
always differ in the denotational component.
Thus buy and
purchase are similar in meaning but differ in their stylistic reference and therefore are not completely interchangeable. Слайд 27 That department of an institution which is concerned
with acquisition of materials is normally the Purchasing Department
rather than the *Buying Department.A wife however would rarely ask her husband to purchase a pound of butter. It follows that practically no words are substitutable for one another in all contexts.
Слайд 28 This fact may be explained as follows: firstly,
words synonymous in some lexical contexts may display no
synonymity in others.The comparison of the sentences The rainfall in April was abnormal and The rainfall in April was exceptional may give us grounds for assuming that exceptional and abnormal are synonymous.
The same adjectives in a different context are by no means synonymous, as we may see by comparing My son is exceptional and My son is abnormal.
Слайд 29 Secondly, interchangeability alone cannot serve as a criterion
of synonymity.
Synonyms are words interchangeable in some contexts.
But the reverse is certainly not true as semantically different words of the same part of speech are, as a rule, interchangeable in quite a number of contexts: in the sentence I saw a little girl playing in the garden
the adjective little may be formally replaced by a number of semantically different adjectives, e.g. pretty, tall, English, etc.
Слайд 30 Thus a more acceptable definition of synonyms :
synonyms are words different in their sound-form, but similar
in their denotational meaning or meanings and interchangeable at least in some contexts.
Слайд 31
III. SEMANTIC CONTRAST
Antonymy in general shares many features
typical of synonymy.
Perfect or complete antonyms are fairly
rare.The relations of antonymy restricted to certain contexts. Thus thick is only one of the antonyms of thin (a thin slice—a thick slice), another is fat (a thin man—a fat man).
Слайд 32 The term opposite meaning is rather vague and
allows of essentially different interpretation.
kind — ‘gentle, friendly, showing
love, sympathy or thought for others’ and cruel — ‘taking pleasure in giving pain to others, without mercy’, They denote concepts that are felt as completely opposed to each other.
Слайд 33 Comparing the adjective kind and unkind we do
not find any polarity of meaning as here semantic
opposition is confined to simple negation.Unkind may be interpreted as not kind which does not necessarily mean cruel, just as not beautiful does not necessarily mean ugly.
Слайд 34
II. BASIC TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS
2.1. PROXIMITY
Meaning
similarity is seldom complete and nearly always partial which
makes it possible to speak about the semantic proximity of words and, in general, about the relations of semantic proximity.Слайд 35 The adjectives are characterized by certain features of
semantic dissimilarity which shows that they are not absolutely
identical in meaning
Слайд 36
Semantic Proximity
red and green share the semantic features
of ‘colour’, ‘basic or rainbow colour’, ‘complementary colour,;
red vs
scarlet or green vs emerald may be graded in semantic proximity;table and chair share the semantic features of ‘thingness’, ‘object’, ‘piece of furniture’ that forms a good basis for grouping them together with other nouns denoting ‘pieces of furniture’.
Слайд 37
2.2. Equivalence
implies full similarity of meaning of two
or more language units;
is very seldom observed in
words;Is oftener encountered in case of sentences:
John is taller than Bill = Bill is shorter than John.
She lives in Paris = She lives in the capital of France.
Слайд 38
2.3. INCLUSION. HYPONYMIC STRUCTURE -
type of semantic relations
which exists between two words if the meaning of
one word contains the semantic features ‘constituting the meaning of the other word’.The semantic relations of inclusion are called hyponymic relations:
Vehicle: car, lorry, motorcycle, jeep…
Hyperonym: hyponyms.
Слайд 39 The general term – vehicle, tree, animal –
is referred to as the classifier or the hyperonym.
The specific term is called the hyponym (car, tram; oak, ash; cat; tiger).
The more specific term (the hyponym) is included in the more general term (the hyperonym), e.g. the classifier move and members of the group – walk, run, saunter. The individual terms contain the meaning of the general term in addition to their individual meanings which distinguish them from each other.
Слайд 40 In hyponymic structure certain words may be both
classifiers (hyperonyms) and members of the group (hyponyms):
Слайд 41 The principle of such hierarchical classification is widely
used by scientists in various fields of research: botany,
geology, etc.Hyponymic classification may be viewed as objectively reflecting the structure of vocabulary and is considered by many linguists as one of the most important principles for the description of meaning.
Слайд 42
Persons
adults (man, woman, husband, etc.);
children (boy, girl, lad,
etc.) but also
national groups (American, Russian, Chinese, etc.),
professional
groups (teacher, butcher, baker, etc.), social and economic groups, and so on.
Слайд 43 The problem of great importance for linguists is
the dependence of the hierarchical structures of lexical units
not only on the structure of the corresponding group of referents in real world but also on the structure of vocabulary in this or that language.Слайд 44 In English
in Russian LSV
no word for meals: mealsbreakfast,
lunch,
dinner,
supper,
snack etc,
завтрак
обед
полдник
ужин
Слайд 45
2.4. OPPOSITION -
is the contrast of semantic features
which helps to establish the semantic relations (black is
contrasted to white).The relations of opposition imply the exclusion of the meaning of one word by another (black is opposed to white but it is not opposed to either red or yellow. In the latter case we can speak about contrast of meaning, but not the semantic relations of opposition.
Слайд 46
Polar oppositions
are those which are based on
the semantic feature uniting two linguistic units by antonymous
relations,rich – poor,
dead – alive,
young – old.
Слайд 47
Relative oppositions
imply that there are several semantic
features on which the opposition rests. The verb to
leave means ‘to go away from’ and its opposite, the verb to arrive denotes ‘to reach a place, esp. at the end of a journey’.
Слайд 48
Summary and Conclusions:
1. Paradigmatic (or selectional) and syntagmatic
(or combinatory) axes of linguistic structure represent the way
vocabulary is organised.Syntagmatic relations define the word-meaning in the flow of speech in various contexts.
Paradigmatic relations define the word-meaning through its interrelation with other members within one of the subgroups of vocabulary units.
Слайд 49 On the syntagmatic axis the word-meaning is dependent
on different types of contexts. Linguistic context is the
minimal stretch of speech necessary to determine individual meanings.Слайд 50 Linguistic (verbal) contexts comprise lexical and grammatical contexts
and are opposed to extra-linguistic (non-verbal) contexts. In extra-linguistic
contexts the meaning of the word is determined not only by linguistic factors but also by the actual speech situation in which the word is used.Слайд 51 The semantic structure of polysemantic words is not
homogeneous as far as the status of individual meanings
is concerned. A certain meaning (or meanings) is representative of the word taken in isolation, others are perceived only in various contexts.Слайд 52 Synonymy and antonymy are correlative and sometimes overlapping
notions (частично совпадающие). Synonymous relationship of the denotational meaning
is in many cases combined with the difference in the connotational (mainly stylistic) component.Слайд 53 It is suggested that the term synonyms should
be used to describe words different in sound-form but
similar in their denotational meaning (or meanings) and interchangeable at least in some contexts.Слайд 54 The term antоnуms is to be applied to
