Презентация на тему Speech act theory

to study true or false sentences - propositions;
Thomas Reid

described utterances of promising, warning, forgiving as “social operations” or “social acts”;
He believed that human’s language’s primary purpose is to express these social operations of the mind;

structure of language could illuminate the structure of reality;
Many

thinkers believed that the main language function is to “describe some state of affairs” or “to state some facts;

to do things with words”, 1962;
Language is not only

a system of representation; We perform all sorts of speech acts besides making statements;
Wittgenstein conflated meaning and use; Austin distinguished the meaning of the words from the speech acts;
Austin focused on explicit performative utterances - “I appologize”; “I promise” etc.which are neither true nor false;

have value of hapiness/unhappiness (felicitous or infelicitous); the criterion

for felicitous is that the circumstances in which it is uttered should be appropriate;

by particular people in particular circumstances;
A conventional procedure must

be carried out correctly and completely;
There is convention that the participants must have certain thoughts, feelings and intentions;
Any participant must behave in a certain way;

saying itself;
Illocutionary act – the intention of saying smth;
Perlocutionary

act – the effect of saying smth;

locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary force;

estimate, appraisal, finding
Excersitives:exercising of power, rights or influence, advising,

warning
Commissives: promising or undertaking, they commit you to doing something;
Behavitives: which have to do with social behaviour and attitudes, apologizing, congratulating, commending, condoling, cursing;
Expositives: I argue, I concede, I illustrate – could be classed as metalinguistic;
There could be marginal cases, they could overlap.

words (morphemes, sentences).
2. Propositional act: referring and predicating.
(a) Will

Peter leave the room?
(b) Peter will leave the room.
(c) Peter, leave the room.
(d) Would that Peter left the room

statements, orders etc. (many utterances contain indicators of illocutionary

force – word order, stress, punctuation, mood of the verb, performative verbs);
4. Perlocutionary Acts: persuading, getting smb. to do smth. (results of speech act);

concluding, boasting etc.,
Directives:asking ordering, requesting, advising etc.;
Commissives:promising, planning,vowing, betting,

opposing;
Expressives: thanking, appologising, welcoming, deploring;
Declarations: You are fired, I swear, I beg you;

meaning and speaker’s meaning;
Literal utterance – speaker’s and utterance

meaning coincide;
Metaphorical utterance – a speaker says S is P, but means S is R;
Open-ended metaphorical utterance – S is P, but meanings could be infinite;
Dead metaphor –the utterance has the meaning that used to be its metaphorical one;
Ironical utterance – speaker means the opposite of what the sentence means;

Language – SAT underscores the importance of the distinction

between language use and linguistic meaning;
Exploration into the nature of linguistic knowledge;

to linguistic analysis;
Analysis of utterance from the perspective

of their function rather than form;
Contributed to the development of Discourse analysis, Pragmatics;

in philosophy of language;
His Theory of Implicature is important

contribution to pragmatics;
Conversational Implicature - meaning beyond the literal sense which must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principle of communication and cooperation;

Conversation” 1975;
Cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative

interactions among humans:
“Make your conversational contribution what is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”