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Sports Are Social Phenomena
Sports are related to the
social and cultural contexts in which we live
Sports provide
stories & images used to explain & evaluate these contexts
Sports provide a window into culture and society
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SOCIOLOGY is a tool for
studying sports in
society
Sociology provides useful
Concepts
Theories
Research methods
These tools enable us to “see”
behavior as it connected with history, politics, economics, and social life
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CULTURE
Consists of the “ways of life” people
create in a group or society
These ways of life
are created and changed as people interact with each other, as they come to terms with, and even struggle over how to
Do things and organize their lives
Relate to each other
Make sense out of their experiences
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SOCIETY
A collection of people
Living in a defined
geographical territory
United through
a political system
a shared
sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from other people.
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SOCIOLOGY Vs. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologists study behavior in terms
of attributes & processes that exist inside individuals
Sociologists study
behavior in terms of the social conditions and cultural contexts in which people live their lives
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Critical thinking
about sports helps us
Identify & understand
social problems and social issues associated with sports
Look beyond
scores to see sports as social phenomena
Make informed choices about sport participation and the place of sports in our lives
Transform sports in progressive ways
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SOCIOLOGY may lead to controversial recommendations
Sociological research may
produce findings that suggest changes in the organization of
sports and the organization of social life
Those who benefit from the status quo may be threatened by these research findings
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Why study sports
as social phenomena?
Sports activities and
images are part of people’s lives
Sports are connected with
ideologies in society
i.e., the “viewpoints” that underlie people’s feelings, thoughts, and actions
Sports are connected with major spheres of social life such as:
family, economy, media, politics, education, & religion
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Ideologies
The sets of interrelated ideas that people
use
To give meaning to the world
To make
sense of the world
To identify what is important, right, and natural in that world
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The characteristics of
Ideologies are:
They are never
established “once and for all time”
They emerge as people
struggle over the meaning and organization of social life
They are complex and sometimes inconsistent
They change as power relationships change in society
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“Dominant Ideology”
Represents the perspectives and ideas favored
by people who have power and influence in society
Dominant
ideologies serve the interests of people with power and influence
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Gender Ideology
refers to
A set of interrelated
ideas about masculinity, femininity, and relationships between men and
women
Dominant Gender ldeology consists of prevailing notions of “common sense” about maleness and femaleness in a group or society
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Racial Ideology
refers to
A set of interrelated
ideas that people use to give meaning to skin
color and to evaluate people in terms of racial classifications
Dominant Racial Ideology consists of prevailing ideas about the meanings of skin color and the characteristics of people classified in various racial categories
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Why study sports
as social phenomena?
Sports are connected
with major spheres of social life
Family
Economy
Media
Politics
Education
Religion
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Major Professional Organizations in the Sociology of Sport
:
The International Sociology of Sport Association (ISSA)
The North American
Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS)
The Sport Sociology Academy (SSA) in AAHPERD (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance)
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Disagreements in the
Sociology of Sport
Scholars in the
field see themselves as
Sport sociologists concerned with sport
science issues
Sociologists concerned with social and cultural issues
Scholars may see themselves as
professional experts (interested in consulting and the application of knowledge to improve sports)
critical sociologists (interested in social & cultural transformation), or
knowledge builders (interested in using research to accumulate knowledge about social life)
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SPORT Is Defined by
Some Scholars As Activities
That Are
Physical
Competitive
Institutionalized
Motivated by a combination of internal &
external rewards
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Institutionalization
Occurs When
Rules become standardized
Official agencies enforce
rules
Organizational & technical aspects of the activity become important
Learning
game skills becomes formalized
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Play vs. Dramatic Spectacle
Play involves expressive activity
done for its own sake; it is often spontaneous
and guided by informal, emergent norms
Dramatic Spectacle involves performances to entertain an audience for the purpose of obtaining rewards
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An Alternative Approach
to Defining Sports:
Determine what
activities are identified as sports in a society
Determine whose
sports count the most when it comes to obtaining support and resources