Презентация на тему The Research Process

discovering some of its main dimensions, and possibly planning

more structured research

Description
Census Bureau’s report on number of Americans
Political poll predicting who will win an election
Anthropologist’s ethnographic account of a preliterate tribe

Explanation
Take it one step further

available and what further information is required, as well

as the best approach for obtaining it

Obtain and assess information objectively to help inform the decision

design, subjects, and data collection techniques

Data gathering

Data processing and

analysis

Implications, Conclusions, and Recommendations

purposes

Inform reader about the scope of the study, including

defining any terms, limitations, or restrictions
Reduces potential criticisms

State the hypothesis (es)

what research has been done and how it relates

to the problem

Helpful to divide the literature into sub-topics for ease of reading

Quality of literature should be assessed

Be sure to include well respected ‘individuals’ in the research area (if they exist)

steps that will need to be take and the

sequence they will occur

Each design can rely on one ore more data collection technique

Assess reliability and validity

Critical consideration in determining methodology is the selection of subjects

coded

behavior (if applicable)

Choose appropriate statistical technique (if applicable)

Look for

patterns in data (if applicable)

implications for the population of interest and future research

explain the concept the variable is trying to capture

Variables

then defined by operational definitions which are definitions for how variable will be measured

that results from measuring all units in population

Sampling frame:

specific data from which sample is drawn

Unit of analysis: type of object of interest

Sample: a subset of some of the units in the population

Statistic: # that results from measuring all units in the sample

your study

It is the type of object that makes

up each data point

Individuals
Artifacts (books, photos, newspapers)
Geographical units
Social interactions

allocated in groups, rather than individually. When this is

done, the unit of allocation is different from the unit of analysis (usually).

This is sometimes called a unit of analysis error.

It can result in studies having narrower confidence intervals and receiving more weight than is appropriate.

manipulated

a treatment or program or cause

‘Factor’
dependent variable is what

is affected by the independent variable

effects or outcomes

‘Measure’

is like a blueprint for the research.

Research Methodology concerns

how the design is implemented, how the research is carried out. 

research that collects data on relevant variables one time

only from a variety of people, subjects, or phenomena.

A cross-sectional designs provides a snapshot of the variables included in the study, at one particular point in time. 

Cross-sectional designs generally use survey techniques to gather data, for example, the U.S. Census.

large number of subjects, data from dispersed subjects, data

on attitudes and behaviors, good for exploratory research, generates hypotheses for future research, data useful to many different researchers

Disadvantages: increased chances of error, increased cost with more subjects and each location, cannot measure change, cannot establish cause and effect, no control of independent variable, difficult to rule out rival hypotheses, static

periods of time. 

Measurements are taken on each variable

over two or more distinct time periods. 

This allows the researcher to measure change in variables over time.

on the same variable at regular intervals in the

form of aggregate measures of a population. 

Time series designs are useful for:
establishing a baseline measure
describing changes over time
keeping track of trends
forecasting future (short term) trends
 

in graphs, easy to interpret, can forecast short term

trends

Disadvantages: data collection method may change over time, difficult to show more than one variable at a time,  needs qualitative research to explain fluctuations, assumes present trends will continue unchanged