organs of the body.
Cytology studies the structure and functions
of the cell. Embryology researches embryonic development (formation) of the body
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Презентация на тему Introduction. Essential Cytology
Содержание
- 2. Histology studies the organization of the tissues
- 3. Cytology
- 4. Note:1. The cell is the smallest structural
- 5. Types of cells in human body
- 6. Cells produce matrix
- 7. Methods of investigation
- 8. Microscopy – basic methodLight microscope: Histological slide:
- 9. Electron microscopy
- 10. Electron microscopy researches Ultrastructure of cells (organelles) and organisation of intercellular matrix
- 11. Light and electron microscopy - are 2 mane methods in histology
- 12. Levels of biological systemsBiomolecules Membranes
- 13. Phospholipids structure :Phosphate group (hydrophilic heads)GlycerolFatty acids (hydrophobic tails)
- 14. Membrane contents:A. Phospholipids: (1 – hydrophilic head,
- 15. Lipids may be:Phospholipids – triglycerides (polar)Cholesterol (non-polar)
- 16. Proteins may constitute close to 50% of membrane content
- 17. Proteins function: 1- channels, 2- pumps,3- receptors, 4- enzymes, 5- integrative, 6- structural
- 18. Carbohydrates Present in the outer cell membraneForm Receptors
- 19. Outer cell membrane – cytolemma or plasmalemma
- 20. Membranes form:Outer cell membraneOrganellesVesicles Nuclear envelop
- 21. Cell consists of: - Outer cell membrane, - Cytoplasm and - Nucleus
- 22. 12GIf cells contact, outer cell membrane forms junctions
- 23. Types of Cell junctionTight junctionGap junctionDesmosomes
- 24. Tight junction prevents the movement of molecules into the intercellular spaces present between epithelial cells
- 26. Gap junctionchannels between cells
- 27. Desmosomes -Provide cell attachment
- 28. Inside the cell …Cytoplasm consists of:Matrix (hialoplasm, cytozol)OrganellesInclusions
- 29. Inclusions - granules with secretions, pigment granules, lipid and glycogen droplets
- 30. Organelles: (classification by structure)Membranous Non-membranous
- 31. Organelles: (classification by function)General (present in
- 32. Rough endoplasmic reticulumMembranes form a network of
- 34. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, SER
- 35. SER structure: membranes form tubules without ribosomes.
- 36. Golgi complex (or apparatus)= a pack of sacs.
- 37. Golgi complex …… is connected with endoplasmic reticulum
- 38. Golgi apparatus functions: 1. formation of
- 39. Mitochondrion Structure : Contains outer and inner
- 40. Mitochondrion Produce ATP molecules (energy) by Krebs cycle
- 41. LysosomeLysosomes are round vesicles that contain enzymesThese
- 42. Non-membranous organelles: MicrofilamentsMicrotubules Centrioles (Cell Center)Ribosomes
- 43. Note: Microfilaments, Microtubules form “Skeleton” of the cell
- 44. Cell centerConsists of 2 centriolesCentriole = 9
- 45. Nucleus consists of:Nucleolemma = nuclear envelope NucleoplasmNucleolusChromatin
- 46. Nuclear envelope - Consists of two membranes: outer and inner
- 47. In the nuclear envelope there are gaps, called nuclear pores, providetransport from nucleus into cytoplasm
- 48. Nuclear pore structure
- 49. NucleolusNucleolus is the site of active synthesis of ribosomal RNA and formation of ribosomes.
- 50. Chromatin is the combination of DNA and
- 51. Chromatin = DNA in non-dividing cells.
- 52. Euchromatin predominates in metabolically active nuclei, Heterochromatin predominates in metabolically inactive nuclei
- 53. Chromosome - is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in dividing cells.
- 54. Cell cycle
- 55. The life of a somatic cell is
- 56. Interphase Interphase is a period between two
- 57. In G1 phase: cell grows, performs its routine functions.
- 58. S- phase (S- synthesis) DNA
- 59. G2 phaseIn this phase synthesis of proteins,
- 60. G0 phase cell can leave the cycle
- 61. Mitosis is the process of somatic
- 62. Prophase Chromosomes become recognisable.the nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleoli disappear
- 63. Two centrioles separate and move to opposite
- 64. Metaphase- chromosomes move to a position midway
- 65. Anaphase - the chromatids separate and move
- 66. Telophase two daughter nuclei are formed chromosomes become indistinct. Nucleoli reappear.
- 67. Another methods:Polarized microscopy (property of tissues: can
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Histology studies the organization of the tissues and organs of the body.Cytology studies the structure and functions of the cell. Embryology researches embryonic development (formation) of the body
Слайд 2
Histology studies the organization of the tissues and
organs of the body.
of the cell. Embryology researches embryonic development (formation) of the body
Слайд 4
Note:
1. The cell is the smallest structural and
functional unit of the body
2. Cells form
tissues.3. Tissues form organs and systems
Слайд 10
Electron microscopy researches
Ultrastructure of cells (organelles) and
organisation of intercellular matrix
Слайд 13
Phospholipids structure :
Phosphate group (hydrophilic heads)
Glycerol
Fatty acids (hydrophobic
tails)
Слайд 14
Membrane contents:
A. Phospholipids: (1 – hydrophilic head, 2
– hydrophobic tails)
B. (3 ) – proteins
C. (4 )
– carbohydrates (only outer cell membrane)
Слайд 17
Proteins
function:
1- channels,
2- pumps,
3- receptors,
4-
enzymes,
5- integrative,
6- structural
Слайд 24
Tight junction
prevents the movement of molecules into
the intercellular spaces
present between epithelial cells
Слайд 31
Organelles:
(classification by function)
General
(present in every cell,
perform general function)
Ex.: Mitochondrion
Special
(in specialised cell, perform special
function)= Myofibril
Слайд 32
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Membranes form a network of sac-like
structures called cisternae .
Ribosomes lie on the outer surface.
Function
- synthesis of proteins
Слайд 35
SER structure: membranes form tubules without ribosomes.
Function:
1. synthesizis of lipids.
2. metabolism of carbohydrates
3. drug detoxification
(in liver cells). 4 storage of Ca-ions (only in muscle cell)
Слайд 38
Golgi apparatus
functions:
1. formation of compound molecules
– glycoproteins, lipoproteins.
2. production of lysosomes and secretory
vesicles.
Слайд 39
Mitochondrion
Structure :
Contains outer and inner membranes
--Folds of inner membrane – cristae
--- Inside
lie matryx
Слайд 41
Lysosome
Lysosomes are round vesicles that contain enzymes
These enzymes
break down waste materials and cellular debris and digest
the materials within phagosomes.
Слайд 44
Cell center
Consists of 2 centrioles
Centriole = 9 x
3 = 27 microtubules;
Function - formation of mitotic spindle
Слайд 47
In the nuclear envelope
there are gaps, called
nuclear pores, provide
transport from nucleus into cytoplasm
Слайд 49
Nucleolus
Nucleolus is the site of active synthesis of
ribosomal RNA and formation of ribosomes.
Слайд 50
Chromatin
is the combination of DNA and proteins
that make up the contents of the nucleus of
a cell.
Слайд 51
Chromatin =
DNA in non-dividing cells.
2 types:
1. heterochromatin (non-active) - very tightly packed fibrils .
2.euchromatin - active – less condensed chromatin fibrils loops
Слайд 52
Euchromatin predominates in metabolically active nuclei,
Heterochromatin
predominates in metabolically inactive nuclei
Слайд 55 The life of a somatic cell is a
cyclic process
It is called cell cycle
It consists
of two periods: interphase and mitosis.
Слайд 56
Interphase
Interphase is a period between two divisions
of the cell.
Consists of 3 phases - G1
, S , G2
Слайд 58
S- phase
(S- synthesis)
DNA molecules are
duplicated
NOTE: At the beginning of this phase the
chromosome number is 2N and at the end each chromosome consists of two DNA molecules or two chromatids, the chromosome number is 4N.
Слайд 59
G2 phase
In this phase synthesis of proteins, which
are required for cell division, takes place.
After phase
G2 mitosis always begins
Слайд 60
G0 phase
cell can leave the cycle and
enter to so-called G0 phase (outside the cycle). They
are reserve or stem cell.
Слайд 61
Mitosis
is the process of somatic cells division.
Mitosis
consists of four phase:
prophase,
metaphase,
anaphase,
telophase.
Слайд 62
Prophase
Chromosomes become recognisable.
the nuclear membrane breaks down
and the nucleoli disappear
Слайд 63 Two centrioles separate and move to opposite poles
of the cell.
microtubules pass from one centriole to
other and form a spindle of division.
Слайд 64
Metaphase
- chromosomes move to a position midway between
the two centrioles (the equator of the cell) and
form the equatorial plate
Слайд 65
Anaphase
- the chromatids separate and move to
opposite poles of the cell
At the end of anaphase
chromatids are called chromosomes.
Слайд 67
Another methods:
Polarized microscopy (property of tissues: can rotate
