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Презентация на тему Информационный учебный проект по английскому языку History of English
Содержание
- 2. History of EnglishBy Ponomaryova AnastasiyaYekaterinburg, 2016
- 3. Part I The Anglo-Saxon Settlement
- 4. It's never easy to pinpoint exactly when
- 5. Little is known of this period with
- 6. The invaders all spoke a language that
- 7. However it is fairly certain that many
- 8. The reason that we know so little
- 9. When Old English writings begin to appear
- 10. The Celts were already resident in Britain
- 11. The number of loanwords known for certain
- 12. Part II The Scandinavian Settlements
- 13. The next invaders were the Norsemen. From
- 14. These include some very basic words such
- 15. However, much of the influence of Norse,
- 16. Part III 1066 and after 1066 and all that
- 17. The centuries after the Norman Conquest witnessed
- 18. It was replaced by what is broadly
- 19. Old English, like German today, showed a
- 20. Trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was
- 21. Part IV Standardization
- 22. The late medieval and early modern periods
- 23. For most of the Middle English period
- 24. As the London standard became used more
- 25. In the same period a series of
- 26. The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result
- 27. The phonetic pairings of most long and
- 28. Part V Colonization and Globalization
- 29. During the medieval and early modern periods
- 30. This wasn’t simply through the acquisition of
- 31. More recently still, English has become a
- 32. The eventual effects on the English language
- 33. Thank for your attention!
- 34. Скачать презентацию
- 35. Похожие презентации
History of EnglishBy Ponomaryova AnastasiyaYekaterinburg, 2016
Слайд 5 Little is known of this period with any
certainty, but we do know that Germanic invaders came
and settled in Britain from the north-western coastline of continental Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries.Слайд 6 The invaders all spoke a language that was
Germanic (related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German
and the Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but we'll probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbours.Слайд 7 However it is fairly certain that many of
the settlers would have spoken in exactly the same
way as some of their north European neighbours, and that not all of the settlers would have spoken in the same way.Слайд 8 The reason that we know so little about
the linguistic situation in this period is because we
do not have much in the way of written records from any of the Germanic languages of north-western Europe until several centuries later.Слайд 9 When Old English writings begin to appear in
the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries there is a
good deal of regional variation, but not substantially more than that found in later periods. This was the language that Alfred the Great referred to as English in the ninth century.Слайд 10 The Celts were already resident in Britain when
the Anglo-Saxons arrived. Some scholars have suggested that the
Celtic tongue might have had an underlying influence on the grammatical development of English, particularly in some parts of the country, but this is highly speculative.Слайд 11 The number of loanwords known for certain to
have entered Old English from this source is very
small. Those that survive in modern English include brock (badger), and coomb a type of valley, alongside many place names.Слайд 13 The next invaders were the Norsemen. From the
middle of the ninth century large numbers of Norse
invaders settled in Britain, and in the eleventh century the whole of England had a Danish king, Canute. The distinct North Germanic speech of the Norsemen had great influence on English.Слайд 14 These include some very basic words such as
take and even grammatical words such as they. The
common Germanic base of the two languages meant that there were still many similarities between Old English and the language of the invaders.Слайд 15 However, much of the influence of Norse, including
the vast majority of the loanwords, does not appear
in written English until after the next great historical and cultural upheaval, the Norman Conquest.Слайд 17 The centuries after the Norman Conquest witnessed enormous
changes in the English language. In the course of
what is called the Middle English period, the fairly rich inflectional system of Old English broke down.Слайд 18 It was replaced by what is broadly speaking,
the same system English has today, which unlike Old
English makes very little use of distinctive word endings in the grammar of the language. The vocabulary of English also changed enormously, with tremendous numbers of borrowings from French and Latin, in addition to the Scandinavian loanwords already mentioned, which were slowly starting to appear in the written language.Слайд 19 Old English, like German today, showed a tendency
to find native equivalents for foreign words and phrases
(although both Old English and modern German show plenty of loanwords), whereas Middle English acquired the habit that modern English retains today of readily accommodating foreign words.Слайд 20 Trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was common
in the worlds of business and the professions, with
words crossing over from one language to another with ease. One only has to flick through the etymologies of any English dictionary to get an impression of the huge number of words entering English from French and Latin during the later medieval period. This trend was set to continue into the early modern period with the explosion of interest in the writings of the ancient world.Слайд 22 The late medieval and early modern periods saw
a fairly steady process of standardization in English south
of the Scottish border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large.Слайд 23 For most of the Middle English period a
dialect was simply what was spoken in a particular
area, which would normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learnt how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind.Слайд 24 As the London standard became used more widely,
especially in more formal contexts and particularly amongst the
more elevated members of society, the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized, as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education.Слайд 25 In the same period a series of changes
also occurred in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in
all dialects), which go under the collective name of the Great Vowel Shift. These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history.Слайд 26 The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of
specific social or historical factors, but social and historical
factors would have helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English.Слайд 27 The phonetic pairings of most long and short
vowel sounds were also lost, which gave rise to
many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.Слайд 29 During the medieval and early modern periods the
influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and
from the early seventeenth century onwards its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The complex processes of exploration, colonization and overseas trade that characterized Britain s external relations for several centuries became agents for change in the English language.Слайд 30 This wasn’t simply through the acquisition of loanwords
deriving from languages from every corner of the world,
which in many cases only entered English via the languages of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands, but through the gradual development of new varieties of English, each with their own nuances of vocabulary and grammar and their own distinct pronunciations.Слайд 31 More recently still, English has become a lingua
franca, a global language, regularly used and understood by
many nations for whom English is not their first language.Слайд 32 The eventual effects on the English language of
