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Презентация на тему Early modern english phonological and morphological system. (Lecture 4)

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2. I. Historical background to the New StandardII.
3. III. NE Consonant System:Vocalisation of ‘r’;IV. NE Morphology and Syntax.
4. 1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to
5. The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had
6. Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as
7. The reasons for the defeat of LatinThe
8. The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.)
9. But, while English was thus
10. Principal Quantitative Changeslengthening before –ss, -st,
11. b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k]When ME
12. The Great Vowel Shift (15-late 17th c.)the
13. The changes were “independent” and effected regularly
15. Rounding of vowels after /w / (18th
16. NE Consonant System Vocalisation of [r] =
17. the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g.
18. The vocalisation of [r] took place in
19. 2) lengthening Sometimes the only trace left
20. If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r]
22. Early Modern English GrammarIn morphology the trend
23. Nounsthe –es of plurals and Gen Sg.
24. Personal pronouns:new forms arose: it and its;the
25. The inflectional system of the verb underwent
26. Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms.
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I. Historical background to the New StandardII. NE Vowel System:Quantitative changes;The Great Vowel Shift;Development of ME short vowels;

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Early modern english phonological and morphological system. (Lecture 4)

EARLY MODERN ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM LECTURE 4

I. Historical background to the New StandardII. NE Vowel System:Quantitative changes;The Great

III. NE Consonant System:Vocalisation of ‘r’;IV. NE Morphology and Syntax.

1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England;1492 Columbus reached the ‘new

The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen the triumph of the

Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the language of international learning;the

The reasons for the defeat of LatinThe Reformation period (the establishment of

The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that led to a great

But, while English was thus establishing its supremacy over Latin,

Principal Quantitative Changeslengthening before –ss, -st, -ni, -ft,

b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k]When ME ē was shortened before [ɵ,d,t,k],

The Great Vowel Shift (15-late 17th c.)the GreatVowel Shift (GVS) is a

The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any stressed vowel in any

Rounding of vowels after /w / (18th c.), as in NE swan

NE Consonant System Vocalisation of [r] = the weakening of [r]The sonorant

the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g. OE deorc – Early ME

The vocalisation of [r] took place in the 16th or 17th c.

2) lengthening Sometimes the only trace left by the loss of [r]

If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was preceded by a diphthong,

Early Modern English GrammarIn morphology the trend towards simplification continues. EME is

Nounsthe –es of plurals and Gen Sg. was established;Plurals in –en and

Personal pronouns:new forms arose: it and its;the use of you with a

The inflectional system of the verb underwent further simplification:in the 3d person

Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms.

In syntax the period (15th -17th c.) sees the continued movement towards

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 I. Historical background to the New Standard
II. NE

Vowel System:
Quantitative changes;
The Great Vowel Shift;
Development of ME short

vowels;

Слайд 3 III. NE Consonant System:
Vocalisation of ‘r’;
IV. NE Morphology

and Syntax.

Слайд 4 1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England;
1492

1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England;1492 Columbus reached the

Columbus reached the ‘new World’;
By 1500, the English language

was such that native speakers of Modern English generally need no translations to understand it.

Слайд 5 The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen

The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen the triumph of

the triumph of the English language over French, and

the establishment of a standard form of written English.
A standard laguage is a taught language which each individual has to learn whatever his or her own pronunciation.

Слайд 6 Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the

Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the language of international

language of international learning;
the three greatest scientific works published

by Englishmen between 1600 and 1700 were all in Latin: Gilbert’s book on magnetism (1600), Harvey’s on the circulation of the blood (1628), and Newton’s Principia (1689).

Слайд 7 The reasons for the defeat of Latin
The Reformation

The reasons for the defeat of LatinThe Reformation period (the establishment

period (the establishment of Protestantism, VI-VII c.). The translation

of the Bible into English, and the changeover from Latin to English in church services, raised the prestige of English. The more extreme Protestants regarded Latin as a “Popish” language, designed to keep ordinary people in ignorance and to maintain the power of priests.

Слайд 8 The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that

The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that led to a

led to a great interest and pride in the

national language.
The rise of social and occupational groups (skilled craftsmen, explorers, soldiers) which were eager to read and to learn in English. The spread of literacy among them.

Слайд 9 But, while English was thus establishing

its supremacy over Latin, it was at the same

time more under its influence:
the introduction of Latin loan-words into English, e.g. vacuum, area, radius;
many words borrowed from French were given a Latin dress, e.g. NE debt and doubt (cf. Lat. debitum and dubitare).

Слайд 10 Principal Quantitative Changes
lengthening before –ss, -st, -ni,

-ft,

but the

change didn’t take place if the voiceless fricative was immeditely followed by a vowel:
Cf. pass and passage.

Слайд 11
b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k]
When ME ē

b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k]When ME ē was shortened before

was shortened before [ɵ,d,t,k], it became [ɛ], as in

breath, bread, sweat.
When ME ō was shortened before [k,t], it became [ʊ], as in look and foot.

Слайд 12 The Great Vowel Shift (15-late 17th c.)
the GreatVowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift (15-late 17th c.)the GreatVowel Shift (GVS) is

(GVS) is a chain-like transformation of the whole ME

long vowel system.

The GVS affected only ME long vowels (e.g. keep vs kept).

Слайд 13 The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any

The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any stressed vowel in

stressed vowel in any position.
The GVS didn’t add any

new sounds to the vowel system. Thus, the modification of the words under the GVS was not reflect in their written forms.

Слайд 14

Слайд 15
Rounding of vowels after /w /
(18th c.),

Rounding of vowels after /w / (18th c.), as in NE

as in NE swan and watch.
The change didn’t

take place if the vowel was followed by a velar consonant, as in twang, wag, wax.

Слайд 16 NE Consonant System Vocalisation of [r] = the weakening

NE Consonant System Vocalisation of [r] = the weakening of [r]The

of [r]

The sonorant [r] began to produce a certain

influence upon the preceding vowels in Late ME.
[r] made the preceding vowel more open and retracted:

Слайд 17
the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g. OE

the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g. OE deorc – Early

deorc – Early ME derk – Late ME dark;
although

the change of [er] to [ar] was fairly common, it didn’t affect all the words with the given sounds: cf. ME servent, person.

Слайд 18 The vocalisation of [r] took place in the

The vocalisation of [r] took place in the 16th or 17th

16th or 17th c.
1) diphthongization.

In Early NE [r] was vocalised when stood after vowels, either finally or followed by another consonant. Losing its consonant character [r] changed into [ə], which was added to the preceding vowel as a glide to form a diphthong: e.g. ME there [ɵɛ:re] NE there.

Слайд 19 2) lengthening
Sometimes the only trace left by

2) lengthening Sometimes the only trace left by the loss of

the loss of [r] was the compensatory lengthening of

the preceding vowel: e.g. ME arm [arm] – NE arm.
3) change of quality
under the influence of [r], vowels [e, i,u] became [ə]
In the final unstressed position: ME ridere – NE rider.

Слайд 20 If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was

If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was preceded by a

preceded by a diphthong, it was added to the

diphthong to form a triphthong: e.g. ME shour [ʃu:r] – NE shower.
[r] was not vocalised when doubled after consonants and initially: e.g. NE errand, dry, read.
This process didn’t take place in all varieties of English. Those varietes in which it was retained are called rhotic, (cf. non-rhotic)

Слайд 21

Слайд 22 Early Modern English Grammar
In morphology the trend towards

Early Modern English GrammarIn morphology the trend towards simplification continues. EME

simplification continues.
EME is characterized by an increase in

the number of prepositions and auxiliaries (grammaticalization), as expected of a languagebecoming more analytic.

Слайд 23 Nouns
the –es of plurals and Gen Sg. was

Nounsthe –es of plurals and Gen Sg. was established;Plurals in –en

established;
Plurals in –en and zero plurals are reduced to

their modern extent by the end of the 17th c.;
The –es Genitive was interpreted as his and this led to forms like for Christ his sake.

Слайд 24 Personal pronouns:
new forms arose: it and its;
the use

Personal pronouns:new forms arose: it and its;the use of you with

of you with a singular meaning was prompted by

politeness and the influence of French.
Demonstrative pronouns:
- this ‘close to the speaker’, that ‘close to the hearer’, yon ‘distant from both speaker and hearer’

Слайд 25 The inflectional system of the verb underwent further

The inflectional system of the verb underwent further simplification:in the 3d

simplification:
in the 3d person the –eth ending is found

in writing until the 17th c., but it is increasingly restricted to poetry. The –s form was already the usual form in speech by the 16th c.;
There was a more limited use of the progressive and auxiliary verbs than there is now, however.