Презентация на тему Semantic structure of the word and its changes. (Lecture 3)

word-meaning.
Polysemy. Semantic structure of words. Meaning and context.

word
polysemy
lexical-semantic variants
basic meaning
peripheral meaning
primary meaning
secondary meaning

radiation
concatenation
lexical context
grammatical context
thematic context
ellipsis
differentiation

George A. Miller,
The science of word, 1991

a unit of communication is possible by its possessing

and I.A. Richards – about 20 definitions of meaning

is studied by semantics

(from Greek – semanticos 'significant')

in 1897 by M. Breal

(from Gk. semasia 'meaning' + logos 'learning')

the earliest theory of meaning.
It

are possible if linguistic expressions stand for individual personal

systems?
If people speaking different languages have the same

at the end of each human hand, or one

interdependence of things, their concepts and names.

denoted by the word), concept and word are traditionally

can bark and bite dog

meanings may be used to express the same concept

join the majority, etc

with the same meaning have different sound forms (dog,

the same object we can give it different names

three components of the semantic triangle: symbol, concept and

of the way the word is used in certain

is its use in language.

speech they function differently and occupy different positions in

which a concept is communicated

a specific structure:
functional meaning: part of speech meaning (nouns

word to an individual object or a concept.
It

colouring of the word. Unlike denotational meaning, connotations are

(like in attractive, repulsive) or may be created by

certain style:
neutral words
colloquial
bookish, or literary words

Eg. father –

disgusting).

4. Intensifying connotations are expressive and emphatic (magnificent, gorgeous)

to look

Connotative component

+ melancholy, sad (emotive con.)

+ 1)

context

than one meaning.

Polysemy is the ability of words to

polysemantic.
A well-developed polysemy is a great

both),
numerals, etc.

1) monosyllabic words;
2) words of long duration (that

change (meaning specialization: is used in more concrete spheres);
2)

keeping a house warm,
a covering of any kind

organized in a semantic structure

polysemantic word used in speech

process of its historical development): the historical development and

called primary.

Other meanings are secondary, or derived, and

(primary meaning)
the persons seated at the table
the food put

or is understood without a special context is called

2. an instance of destructive burning
e.g. a forest fire


4. the shooting of guns
e.g. to open fire

3. burning material in a stone, fireplace
e.g. a camp fire


5. strong feeling, passion
e.g. speech lacking fire

(the primary meaning stands in the center and the

of anything (a pie, a cake)
harder layer over soft

the language.


It’s easy to identify the main meaning

of lexical units around the word which enter into

results

in a course of time.

in the life of a speech community, in economic

up of two words one of these is omitted

when a new word is borrowed it may become

the members of the synonymic set acquires a new

based on the secondary application of the word form

or metaphor – a semantic process of associating two

(of a cabbage), bottleneck, teeth (of a saw, a

is wearing a fox);
'container — containее' (I ate three

in the connotational meaning

denotes a restricted number of referents.
e.g.

passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use and

the acquisition by the word of some derogatory emotive