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Презентация на тему Equivalence in translation. The levels of translation
Содержание
- 2. EquivalenceTranslation equivalence (TE) is the key idea
- 3. EquivalenceEquivalence is the central issue in translation.
- 4. EquivalenceThe most innovative theorists (Vinay and Darbelnet,
- 5. EquivalenceV.G.Gark and Y.Lvin distinguish the following types
- 6. EquivalenceFormal equivalence may be illustrated by speech
- 7. EquivalenceThe differences in the plane of expression
- 8. EquivalenceSemantic equivalence exists when the same meanings
- 9. EquivalenceThe English word “airlifted” contains the same
- 10. Equivalence“Situational equivalence” the description of the same situation. This description is not necessary semantically equivalent.
- 11. EquivalenceTexts in different languages can be equivalent
- 12. EquivalenceLanguages are different from each other; they
- 13. EquivalenceThere is no absolute synonymy between words
- 14. EquivalenceIf equivalence is to be “preserved” at
- 15. EquivalenceLanguage is a formal structure – a
- 16. Adequacy The notion of “adequacy” is closely
- 17. AdequacyJ. Catford’s notion of “translation equivalence” is
- 18. Adequacy“Equivalence” is regarded as semantic similarity of
- 19. AdequacyEverything said in one language can be
- 20. Adequacy Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation
- 21. AdequacyNB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is
- 22. Adequacye.g. The fresh air revived most of
- 23. Translation equivalents Y. Retsker differentiates: - Absolute
- 24. Translation equivalents- Partial equivalents the range of
- 25. Translation equivalentsApart from equivalent lexis there are
- 26. The levels of equivalence according to V.KomissarovThe
- 27. A rolling stone gathers no moss.Кому дома
- 28. The levels of equivalenceThis translation contains information
- 29. The 1-st levelWhat the original message is for?
- 30. The levels of equivalenceThe second level of
- 31. You see one bear, you have seen
- 32. The levels of equivalenceSo here we can
- 33. The 2-nd levelWhat is about?
- 34. The levels of equivalenceIn the third level
- 35. Cause effect event:A (scrubbing) causes B (I)
- 36. The levels of equivalenceSo in TT there
- 37. The levels of equivalencee.g. London saw a
- 38. 3-d levelWhat is said in the original
- 39. The levels of equivalenceThis means that the
- 40. The levels of equivalenceThe fourth level of
- 41. The 4-th levelHow it is said in the original?
- 42. The levels of equivalenceE.g. I don’t see
- 43. E.g. He was never tired of old songs.Старые песни ему никогда не надоедали.
- 44. The levels of equivalenceIn the fifth level
- 45. The levels of equivalenceThere are 5 levels
- 46. The levels of equivalenceE.g. the Organization is
- 47. The levels of equivalenceThe relative identity of
- 48. PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONPragmatics is the relationships
- 49. PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONSemantically-equivalent messages do not
- 50. Types of pragmatic relations
- 51. PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONNB! The translator should
- 52. The effect of the receptor to the
- 53. PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION3). Texts intended primarily
- 54. PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONTypically in written translation
- 55. The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:
- 56. Four types of pragmatic relations according to
- 57. Pragmatic relations2) the pragmatics of the ST
- 58. Pragmatic relations3) the pragmatic adequateness is quite
- 59. Pragmatic relations4) the ST is oriented only
- 60. Скачать презентацию
- 61. Похожие презентации
EquivalenceTranslation equivalence (TE) is the key idea of translation.Equivalent means equal in value, amount, volume, etc. (A.S.Hornby)
Слайд 3
Equivalence
Equivalence is the central issue in translation.
Its
definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation
theory have caused heated controversy.Many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field for the past fifty years.
Слайд 4
Equivalence
The most innovative theorists (Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson,
Nida and Taber, Catford, House, and finally Baker) have
studied equivalence in relation to the translation process, using different approaches.
Слайд 5
Equivalence
V.G.Gark and Y.Lvin distinguish the following types of
equivalents: formal, semantic and situational.
Formal equivalence
Semantic equivalence.
Слайд 6
Equivalence
Formal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases
as:
The sun disappeared behind a cloud – солнце
скрылось за тучей. Here we find similarity of words and forms in addition to the similarity.
Слайд 7
Equivalence
The differences in the plane of expression are
determined by overall structural differences between Russian and English.
The use of articles in English, the use of perfective aspect, gender, forms, etc., in Russian.
Слайд 8
Equivalence
Semantic equivalence exists when the same meanings are
expressed in the two languages in a way.
Example:-
Troops were airlifted to the battlefield- Bойска были переброшены по воздуху на поле.
Слайд 9
Equivalence
The English word “airlifted” contains the same meaning
as the Russian phrase перебросить по воздуху.
Different linguistic
devices (in Russian and in English /a word group and a compound word).
Слайд 10
Equivalence
“Situational equivalence”
the description of the same situation.
This description is not necessary semantically equivalent.
Слайд 11
Equivalence
Texts in different languages can be equivalent in
different degrees/ fully or partially equivalent/ in respect of
different levels of presentation /equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexies, etc./ and at different ranks /word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence/.
Слайд 12
Equivalence
Languages are different from each other; they are
different in form having distinct codes and rules regulating
the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meanings.To shift from one language from another is to alter the forms.
Слайд 13
Equivalence
There is no absolute synonymy between words in
the same language.
Something is always lost / or,
might one suggest “gained”?/ in process and translators can find themselves being accused of reproducing only part of original and so “betraying” the authors intentions.
Слайд 14
Equivalence
If equivalence is to be “preserved” at a
particular level at all costs, which level is to
be? What are the alternatives?The answer hinges on the dual nature of language itself.
Слайд 15
Equivalence
Language is a formal structure – a code
–which consists of elements which can combine signal semantic
“sense” and, at the same time,a communication system which uses the forms of the code to refer to entities/in the word/and create signals which possess communicative “value”.
Слайд 16
Adequacy
The notion of “adequacy” is closely connected
with that of equivalence.
Some scholars identify these terms
and use them as completely interchangeable notions. For example:
Слайд 17
Adequacy
J. Catford’s notion of “translation equivalence” is treated
as “adequacy of translation”.
R. Levitsky in his article “On
the principle of functional adequacy of translation”.V. N. Komissarov, for instance, thinks that adequate translation” has a broad meaning and is used as a synonym for “a good translation” that guarantees sufficient interlinguistic communication.
Слайд 18
Adequacy
“Equivalence” is regarded as semantic similarity of the
S. and T. language and speech units.
Adequate translation
- is the translation performed at the level sufficient and necessary to convey the information and preserve the norms of the TL.
Слайд 19
Adequacy
Everything said in one language can be said
in another.
We mean by contents not only logical-semantic
contents but all the information inherited in the original message including its emotional and expressive charge and stylistic peculiarities.
Слайд 20
Adequacy
Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when
the contents of the message and its stylistic function
are expressed by the synonymous ways.E.g. bird cherry tree – черемуха.
In English it’s only a botanical term.
In Russian it has different emotional applications – “весна”, “любовь”.
Apart from denoting a botanical tree the word “bird cherry tree” acquired additional stylistic meaning.
Слайд 21
Adequacy
NB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a
constant correspondence that exists independently upon the context.
We have
the possibility to state that adequate translation may be non-equivalent and equivalent.
Слайд 22
Adequacy
e.g. The fresh air revived most of the
men and the thought of beer at the nearest
pub stimulated sluggish pulses.The thought of beer – мысль о пиве – equivalent translation;
- Mысль о кружке пива – adequate translation.
Слайд 23
Translation equivalents
Y. Retsker differentiates:
- Absolute equivalents
– this is a case when a SL word
is semantically, stylistically and emotionally synonymous to a TL word.E.g. geographical and proper names, technical terms, etc.
Слайд 24
Translation equivalents
- Partial equivalents the range of meaning
does not coincide in two languages.
e.g. character (British
– 2 meanings, Russian - 1 meaning); differentiation – рука: hand, arm.
Слайд 25
Translation equivalents
Apart from equivalent lexis there are non-equivalent
or culture loaded words.
They define objects, processes, realia.
e.g.
the House of Commons, peerage.Equivalence is functional coincidence between the source and the target text.
Слайд 26
The levels of equivalence according to V.Komissarov
The first
level includes the translation in which the degree of
semantic similarity with ST is the lowest.e.g. Maybe there is some chemistry between us that does not mix.
Бывает, что люди не сходятся характерами.
Слайд 27
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Кому дома не
сидится, тот добра не наживет.
That’s a pretty thing to
say. Постыдился бы!
Слайд 28
The levels of equivalence
This translation contains information about
the general intent of the message and it is
called-1) The purport of communication- general intent of the message, its sense, orientation towards a certain communicative effect.
Слайд 30
The levels of equivalence
The second level of translation
shows that most of the words or syntactical structures
of ST have no direct correspondences in TT. But there is a greater proximity of context.e.g. He answered the phone.
Он снял трубку.
Слайд 31
You see one bear, you have seen them
all.
Все медведи похожи друг на друга.
It was late in
the day.Близился вечер.
Слайд 32
The levels of equivalence
So here we can find:
1).
The purport of communication.
2). Identification of the situation.
Слайд 34
The levels of equivalence
In the third level of
translation the part of contents is largely retained.
e.g. Scrubbing
makes me bad-tempered.- От мытья полов у меня портится настроение.
Слайд 35
Cause effect event:
A (scrubbing) causes B (I) to
have C (temper) characterized by the property D (bad).
In
the translation:C (temper) belonging to B(I) acquires the property D (bad) because of A (scrubbing)>
Слайд 36
The levels of equivalence
So in TT there are:
1).
The purport of communication.
2). Identification of the situation.
3).
The method of its description.
Слайд 37
The levels of equivalence
e.g. London saw a cold
winter last year.
e.g.You are not serious?
-
В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной . - Вы шутите?
Two preceding informative complexes as well as the method of describing the situation.
Слайд 39
The levels of equivalence
This means that the translation
is a semantic paraphrase of the original, preserving its
basic semes and allowing their free reshuffle in the sentence.
Слайд 40
The levels of equivalence
The fourth level of translation
consists of 4 meaningful components of the ST. They
are:1) The purport of communication.
2) Identification of the situation.
3) The method of its description.
4) The invariant meaning of the syntactic structures.
Слайд 42
The levels of equivalence
E.g. I don’t see that
I need to convince you.
- Не вижу надобности доказывать
это вам.E.g. He was standing with his arms crossed and his bare head bent.
- Он стоял, сложив руки на груди и опустив непокрытую голову.
Слайд 44
The levels of equivalence
In the fifth level of
translation we can find the maximum possible semantic similarity
between ST and TT.e.g. I saw him at the theatre.
- Я видел его в театре.
e.g. The house was sold for 10 thousand dollars.
- Дом был продан за 10 тысяч долларов.
Слайд 45
The levels of equivalence
There are 5 levels of
equivalence in this TT:
1) The purport of communication.
2) Identification
of the situation.3) The method of description of the situation.
4) The invariant meaning of the syntactic structures.
5) The level of word semantics.
Слайд 46
The levels of equivalence
E.g. the Organization is based
on the principle of the sovereign equality of all
its Members.- Организация основана на принципе суверенного равенства всех ее членов.
Слайд 47
The levels of equivalence
The relative identity of the
contents of the two texts depends in this case
on the extent to which various components of the word meaning can be rendered in translation without detriment to the retention of the rest of the information contained in the original.
Слайд 48
PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
Pragmatics is the relationships between
the word and its users.
Pragmatic relations are superimposed on
semantic relations and play an equally important role in analyzing the original text and in producing an equivalent text in the TL.
Слайд 49
PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
Semantically-equivalent messages do not necessarily
mean the same thing to the source and target
receptors and, therefore, are not necessarily pragmatically equivalent.
Слайд 51
PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
NB! The translator should be
aware of the fact whether the message is a
statement of the fact, a request, an entreaty or a joke.Very often the speaker’s communicative intentions differ from what the message really states.
Слайд 52
The effect of the receptor to the text
All kinds of texts were classified depending upon their
orientation towards different types of receptors.1). Texts intended for domestic consumption:
e.g. local advertising, local legislation, home news.
2). Texts intended for foreign consumption – propaganda, advertising for foreign receptors.
Слайд 53
PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
3). Texts intended primarily for
SL receptors, but having also a universal human appeal
(news).4). Texts without any specific national addressee (technical literature, instruction).
Слайд 54
PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
Typically in written translation translator
deals with texts intended for TL audiences and, therefore,
subject to pragmatic adaptation.Each word or text is able to have certain pragmatic influence (communicative effect) upon the receptor.
Слайд 56 Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg
1) the pragmatics of the ST is preserved in
the fullest way, when this text is of the same interest both for the reader of the ST and of the TT (scientific literature);
Слайд 57
Pragmatic relations
2) the pragmatics of the ST is
preserved in the translation quite fully when the ST
is created especially for the translation (different materials for foreign readers);
Слайд 58
Pragmatic relations
3) the pragmatic adequateness is quite restricted
while translating the literature which is oriented to the
receptor of the ST but has sth to say to other people;
Слайд 59
Pragmatic relations
4) the ST is oriented only for
