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English music dates back to the culture of
Celtic tribes who inhabited the British Isles in the
4th century.
The Celts played the pipe, the flute, the primitive violin, the drum.
Popular dances at that time were jig, counterdance and bornpipe.
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The most popular musical instruments were the harp,
the lyre, the pipe.
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In the 6th century BC the British were
converted to Christianity.
Church music dominated at that period.
Thanks to this professional music came into being.
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In the 11th century the Normans who came
from the North of France began to invade the
British Isles. French culture influenced the development of music in Britain.
New forms of folk music appeared at that time:
epic, romantic, satirical songs.
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Bards and minstrels sang them and
played the harp, the lyre, the lute, the violin,
the bagpipe, wooden and percussion instruments.
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In the 12th – 13th centuries various forms
of vocal and instrumental performances spread all over the
country.
Church and secular music, all kinds of folk art coexisted.
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Renaissance
In the 15th century the Renaissance came
to
Great Britain. At that time professional musicians began to
play their music.
English music had a great influence on the development of the Continental style.
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The first famous composer of that period was
John Dunstable (1390 – 1453).
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“Golden Age”
( the 16th -17th centuries)
William Shakespeare created
his immortal tragedies and comedies, and music was of
great importance in the theatre.
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At that time England gave the world the
music of William Byrd (1542 – 1623),
Orlando Gibbons ( 1583 – 1625),
John Bull ( 1562 – 1628).
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Though religious music wasn’t as dominating as it
had been before, still it was represented by the
masterpieces of Byrd, Gibbons, Morley, Weelkes, Tomkins and Philips.
Unfortunately, Puritan Commonwealth of the middle of the 17th century greatly disrupted English musical tradition.
However, at the end of the 17th century several distinguished composers created their works.
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Henry Purcell ( 1659 – 1695) was one
of the greatest composers who is called “the British
Orpheus”. He created music of all genres,but his greatest achievements are connected with music for theatre.
His most famous opera is “Dido and Aeneus”.
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A Low Point in English Native Music (
the 18th-19th centuries)
A lot of foreign musicians were attracted
by the country’s wealth and large public. Among them was George Frederick Handel ( 1685-1759) who was German by origin, settled in London in 1712 and remained there till his death.
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Handel created a great number of outstanding organ
concertos, operas, oratorios which were the most original contribution
both to English and the world music.
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The native musical tradition survived in church music
and in local genres, such as the catch, the
glee, the ballad opera. Later it developed into the English comic opera and in the 19th century to the operettas of Gilbert O’Sullivan.
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In the 19th century Edward
Elgar became an outstanding national composer. He created his
own original style and was a great authority as the head of a new school of music. He composed symphonies, concertos and oratorios.
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In the early 20th century English music was
represented by
Ralph Vaughm Williams ( 1872 -1958),
Gustav Holst
(1874 – 1934).
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The most prominent composers of the 2oth century
Benjamin Britten (1913 -1976)
Michael Tippett ( b. 1905)
Richard Rodney
Bennett (b. 1936)
Peter
Maxwell Davies ( b. 1934)
Harrison Birtwhistle (b. 1934)
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Rock and Pop Music
Rock and
pop music have been very popular in Britain for
the last 30 years.
They have become an important part of Britain’s youthful pop-culture.
British pop and rock groups have a great appeal to audiences all over the world and often set new trends in music.
In the 1960s and 1970s several groups achieved international success.
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MUSICAL LIFE OF GREAT BRITAIN
Musical life in Great
Britain have always played a great role. London is
one of the musical capitals of the world. A lot of exciting musical events take place there. It is the home of
the Royal Opera at Covent Garden,
the English National Opera at the London Coliseum Theatre,
the Royal Ballet,
the Festival Ballet .
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London has 4 symphony orchestras famous all over
the world:
The London Symphony Orchestra ( founded in 1904),
The
London Philarmonic Orchestra ( f. 1032),
Philarmonia (f. 1945),
Royal Philarmonic Orchestra ( f. 1946).
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Admirers of music can enjoy musical life in
The
Royal Festival Hall,
Barbican Hall,
The Royal Albert Hall.
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The Royal Albert Hall is famous for the
Summer Promenade Concerts, held from the end of July
to the mid-September.
These concerts are given by top English and foreign orchestras with distinguished soloists and conductors.
They are sponsored by the BBC.
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Besides, musical festivals are very popular in Great
Britain.
The Edinburgh Festival of Music and Drama takes
place every August and September. It has been held since 1947.
The Festival includes opera, ballet, music of all kinds, painting, folk-dancing, film and drama.
Its popularity is great. It attracts crowds of visitors every year.
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The Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod is held in
North Wales for six days every July.
Choirs, musicians,
folk singers and dancers from every corner of the world perform at this festival.
Choral singing is particularly associated with Wales. The Welsh are a nation of singers.
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Great Britain has a strong tradition of choral
singing both by choirs at churches and by local
choral societies. Some choirs of Oxford and Cambridge colleges are famous all over the world.