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Презентация на тему OE Morphology

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2. Typological classification (19th) A. SchleicherW. von Humboldtdeals
3. isolatingChinese and Vietnameseeach lexical or grammatical unit
4. agglutinatingTurkish morphs are ‘stuck’ together to form words. Each morph has a particular function.
5. All IE languages are Inflecting
6. Modern English has both analytic
7. OE morphology is different from that of
8. 2. Grammatical Categories of the Noun in
9. OE declensionsSTRONG : -a-stem-o-stem-u-stem-i-stem)WEAK (-(e)n- consonantal)ROOTBy the
13. 3. OE Adjective
14. Degrees of ComparisonSuppletive forms:Eald – ieldra –
15. 4. OE Pronoun
17. SE was used for far objects. The
18. DEFINITE: ȝehwa (every); ȝehwilc (each); ǣȝƀer (either);
19. 5. OE Verbal Grammatical CategoriesNumber (Sg, Pl)Person
20. (A) STRONG VERBSdivided into 7 classes according to vowel gradation (ablaut)now are called irregular
22. (B) WEAK VERBSWhile there were 4 classes
24. II ClassThese originally had the suffix *-ōja
25. IIIClassthe suffix of the past and the PII is joined on to the root
26. (C) Preterite-Present VerbsHistorically, Preterite-Present Verbs are strongPP
28. (D) Anomalous Verbs
29. + be̅on ‘to be’ suppletive paradigm The
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Typological classification (19th) A. SchleicherW. von Humboldtdeals with grammatical structure of the languagesLanguages are divided into:IsolativeAgglutinatingInflecting

isolatingChinese and Vietnameseeach lexical or grammatical unit of information is carried by

agglutinatingTurkish morphs are ‘stuck’ together to form words. Each morph has a particular function.

Modern English has both analytic characteristics and synthetic onesEg.: I

OE morphology is different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being

2. Grammatical Categories of the Noun in OE What are the grammatical

OE declensionsSTRONG : -a-stem-o-stem-u-stem-i-stem)WEAK (-(e)n- consonantal)ROOTBy the 9th century, the original vowels

Degrees of ComparisonSuppletive forms:Eald – ieldra – ieldest (old)heah – hierra –

SE was used for far objects. The meaning of this pronoun is

DEFINITE: ȝehwa (every); ȝehwilc (each); ǣȝƀer (either); ælc (each); swilc (such) –

5. OE Verbal Grammatical CategoriesNumber (Sg, Pl)Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd with no

(A) STRONG VERBSdivided into 7 classes according to vowel gradation (ablaut)now are called irregular

(B) WEAK VERBSWhile there were 4 classes of Weak Verbs in Gothic,

II ClassThese originally had the suffix *-ōja in the infinitive and -ō-

IIIClassthe suffix of the past and the PII is joined on to the root

(C) Preterite-Present VerbsHistorically, Preterite-Present Verbs are strongPP Verbs are verbs in which

+ be̅on ‘to be’ suppletive paradigm The modern forms of this verb

6. Syncretism & Its Impact on Language Development syncretism is

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Typological classification (19th)
A. Schleicher
W. von Humboldt

deals with

Typological classification (19th) A. SchleicherW. von Humboldtdeals with grammatical structure of

grammatical structure of the languages

Languages are divided into:
Isolative
Agglutinating
Inflecting

Слайд 3 isolating
Chinese and Vietnamese
each lexical or grammatical unit of

isolatingChinese and Vietnameseeach lexical or grammatical unit of information is carried

information is carried by an individual morph, without affixation

or modification.

Eg.: Georgian: Miq’varkhan. – I love you.

Слайд 4 agglutinating
Turkish
morphs are ‘stuck’ together to form words.

Each morph has a particular function.

Слайд 5 All IE languages are Inflecting

Synthetic & Analytical

Synthetic structure of the language presupposes that both semantic and grammatical meaning of the word is expressed within one word
synthetic means:
grammatical suffixes,
grammatical prefixes,
vowel interchange,
suppletive formation

Eg.: Ukr: Коти їдять мишей.
Мишей їдять коти.

Analytical structure of the language presupposes that lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by 2 or 3 grammatical units.
analytical means:
articles,
conversion,
auxiliary verbs,
conjunctions,
pronouns,
word order.
Eng: Cats eat mice.
Mice eat cats.

Слайд 6 Modern English has both analytic characteristics

and synthetic ones

Eg.:
I will see you tomorrow;
He

is sleeping
More beautiful – uglier
Good – better – the best

Слайд 7 OE morphology is different from that of Modern

OE morphology is different from that of Modern English, predominantly by

English, predominantly by being much more highly inflected

Among living

languages, OE morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic and to a lesser extent that of modern High German

Слайд 8 2. Grammatical Categories of the Noun in OE
What

2. Grammatical Categories of the Noun in OE What are the

are the grammatical categories of the NOUN in Modern

English??????

In OE:
Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
Number (singular and plural);
Case (Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative,
Instrumental)

It has to be noted that Gender is a lexico-grammatical category, while the other two are purely grammatical. Gender is not associated with ending nor with lexical meaning.

Слайд 9 OE declensions
STRONG :
-a-stem
-o-stem
-u-stem
-i-stem)
WEAK
(-(e)n- consonantal)
ROOT

By the 9th

OE declensionsSTRONG : -a-stem-o-stem-u-stem-i-stem)WEAK (-(e)n- consonantal)ROOTBy the 9th century, the original

century, the original vowels or consonants in the noun-stems

had disappeared (so that PG a-stem *skipa ‘ship’, for example, appears in OE as scip). The declension type has to be checked up in a dictionary!!!

Слайд 10

Слайд 11

Слайд 12

Слайд 13 3. OE Adjective

Слайд 14 Degrees of Comparison
Suppletive forms:
Eald – ieldra – ieldest

(old)
heah – hierra – hiehst (high)
lǻnȝ - lenȝra -

lenȝest (long)
ȝōd – betera – betst (good)

yfel – wiersa – wierst (bad)
lytel – læssa – læst (little)
micel – mara – mæst (big)

Слайд 15 4. OE Pronoun

Слайд 16

Слайд 17 SE was used for far objects. The meaning

SE was used for far objects. The meaning of this pronoun

of this pronoun is often weakened so that it

approaches the status of an article. þES was used for near objects.

Слайд 18 DEFINITE: ȝehwa (every); ȝehwilc (each); ǣȝƀer (either); ælc

(each); swilc (such) – all these pronouns were declined

as strong adjectives.
Sē ilca (the same) was declined as a weak adjective.
INDEFINITE: Sum (some), ǣniʒ (any) were declined as strong adjectives.
NEGATIVE: Nān, nǣniʒ were declined as strong adjectives.
RELATIVE: ƀe, sēƀe > sē is inflected according to gender, number, case, whereas ƀe remains unchanged.

Слайд 19 5. OE Verbal Grammatical Categories
Number (Sg, Pl)
Person (1st,

5. OE Verbal Grammatical CategoriesNumber (Sg, Pl)Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd with

2nd, 3rd with no person distinctions in PL)
Tense (Present,

Past, the future is expressed by lexical means)
Mood (Indicative to state an action as real, Imperative expresses order, request and wish, Subjunctive to express an action that is merely supposed)
NO grammatical category of voice. Passive meaning is rendered by free word combinations.

Слайд 20 (A) STRONG VERBS

divided into 7 classes according to

vowel gradation (ablaut)
now are called irregular

Слайд 21

Слайд 22 (B) WEAK VERBS
While there were 4 classes of

(B) WEAK VERBSWhile there were 4 classes of Weak Verbs in

Weak Verbs in Gothic, in OE there were 3
Every

weak verb is characterized by 3 forms: infinitive, past tense and Participle II
the Past Plural can be derived from the Past Singular by replacing the e ending of the Singular by the on ending of the Plural
The stem of the Participle II is always identical with that of the Past tense.

Слайд 23

Слайд 24 II Class

These originally had the suffix *-ōja in

II ClassThese originally had the suffix *-ōja in the infinitive and

the infinitive and -ō- in other forms
In OE o

has been preserved in the past tense and PII and has been changed into a in some forms of the present tense
The infinitive suffix *-ōja has been reduced to i, the Infinitive of these verbs ends in ian.
(The absence of mutation in the Infinitive is due to the fact that the i (from *-ōja appeared at the time when the process of mutation was over)

Слайд 25 IIIClass

the suffix of the past and the PII

is joined on to the root

Слайд 26 (C) Preterite-Present Verbs
Historically, Preterite-Present Verbs are strong
PP Verbs

(C) Preterite-Present VerbsHistorically, Preterite-Present Verbs are strongPP Verbs are verbs in

are verbs in which Past Sg is reconsidered as

Present and the new Past form is built with the help of the dental suffix

Слайд 27

Слайд 28 (D) Anomalous Verbs

Слайд 29 + be̅on ‘to be’ suppletive paradigm
The modern forms

+ be̅on ‘to be’ suppletive paradigm The modern forms of this

of this verb – both past and present –

seem to follow no discernible pattern whatsoever, because they derive from four historically unrelated verbs

Eom, is and sindon/sind/sint forms ultimately derive from a PIE root *es- (with the forms *esmi, *esti, *senti)
Eart comes from another PIE root *er-, meaning ‘arise’
Be̅o/ bist/ bið/ be̅oð from *bheu- which meant ‘become’
The preterite forms are derived from OE wesan.