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GENERAL RULES
●The direct object of the active becomes the subject of the passive. ●We add the verb “to be” right before the main verb (it takes the form of the main verb in the active voice) ●The main verb changes into the past participle.
wish / if only + PAST SIMPLE
Used to express a present wish for things to be different.
IN SPITE OF/DESPITE + ing or noun
ALTHOUGH + subject + verb
She has no friends. She feels lonely.
CONDITIONALS TYPE 2 (used for unreal, impossible, imaginary, hypothetical… situations in the present)
●if clause + past simple ●main clause + would/could + infinitive
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
These are placed between commas because they give additional information about a person/thing
(we cannot use “that” in these clauses)
IDIOMATIC PASSIVE VOICE
● In this case the indirect object of the active becomes the subject of the passive. However, you can start with the direct object – A new position is being offered to him.
staying at home.”
that we stayed at home.”
to stay at home.”
that we should stay at home.”
stay at home.”
PRESENT CONTINUOUS am/is/are + ing for temporary situations, actions happening now, future plans… PRESENT SIMPLE for general truths /statements, permanent situations, routines, timetables…
REPORTING QUESTIONS
●word order: reporting verb + if/question-word + subject + verb (since it’s no longer a question we don’t use do)
● When reporting someone’s words we usually move one tense further into the past.
the + comparative (S + verb), the + comparative (S + verb)
●used to show that two things change together or that one thing depends on the other.
CAN/MAY Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs with a great variety of communicative functions - in this case we are asking for permission.
● they are followed by the bare infinitive (except “ought to”)
PAST SIMPLE vs
PAST CONTINUOUS
I’m moving to the city to have a better life.
PURPOSE CLAUSES
so that + subject + modal verb + infinitive
(we use “so that” instead of “to, so as to, in order to” when we repeat the subject or have two different subjects)
When talking about what people say, believe, think … we can use 2 structures:
● It + passive + that-clause
● Subject + passive + to infinitive
IMPERSONAL REPORT STRUCTURES
When reporting a past action we use:
● Subject + passive + perfect infinitive (to have + past participle)
PRESENT PERFECT: has/have + past participle
(for indefinite/unfished past actions) focuses on the action/result
PAST SIMPLE: arrived/left didn’t arrive/leave
(for definite or finished past actions) focuses on “when”
PRESENT PERFECT
vs PAST SIMPLE
He didn’t get the job because he was late.
CONDITIONALS TYPE 3 (past situations)
- For things we usually regret but can’t change anymore
●if clause + past perfect (had + past participle)
●main clause + perfect conditional (would/could have + past participle)
FORM: will have + past participle
For actions that will happen / be completed by a certain time in the future:
It is often used with a time expression using by + a point in future time (then, the time...)
can’t stand + gerund
Other expressions take the gerund as well: can’t bear, can’t help, it’s no good/use, it’s (not) worth…