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Презентация на тему The major concepts of stylistics. Style as a linguistic phenomenon. (Lecture 2)

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Conceptions of style
The Major Concepts of Stylistics. Style as a Linguistic Phenomenon.  Lecture 2 Conceptions of style a specific characteristic of a human activity presupposing some choice within the Characteristics of style 1. a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from What is style in language?Language - a vehicle of human communication (some Style in linguistics aesthetic function and emotional colouring of language EMs and Style as a decoration of language Style and language – 2 separate Style as a technique of expression Style – an ability to write Style as a literary genre Classical style, realistic style, the style of Style depending on the aim of communication Functional styleA system of interrelated The problem of the norm. Deviations from the normStyle is a product What is the norm?1. the invariant of the norm (an abstraction: phonetic, a set of stable language means which are recognized by the language Two opposite points of view 	Style reveals itself through variations within the Deviationsnon-expressiveexpressiveanomalies which are found in the speech of children, foreigners and people Rule – restriction – violation every countable noun can take -s in 1. a book – books2. sand, water	sands (a vast amount, the sands The Foregrounding Theory	Foregrounding – an ability of a verbal element to obtain Theory of text structuringUnderlining main ideasDividing text into paragraphs (slow perception of Types of Foregrounding1. Coupling2. Convergence3. Defeated Expectancy (Low Predictability)4. Salient Feature (Strong Position) Coupling	a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar positionsR. Jacobson: parallel constructions.S. phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance lexical – synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, words So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,So long lives Convergence	accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive Defeated Expectancy	Some element of the text receives prominence due to the interruption Колумб открыл окно2 informational peaksInformation peaks and recessions agree with organization of human attention Talk all you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there’s nothing Semi-marked structures	a variety of defeated expectancy associated with deviation from the grammatical and lexical norms N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical normMarked Semi- marked Unmarked are generated according Semi-marked structures	structures that deviate from the established rules of grammar and require special interpretation are a linguistic basis for tropes and SDs low predictivness a Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.N. Chomsky Strong positionheadlinebeginning of the textfinal episode Thank you!
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Conceptions of style

Conceptions of style

Слайд 3 a specific characteristic of a human activity presupposing

a specific characteristic of a human activity presupposing some choice within

some choice within the system of accepted norms, a

way, a mode, a manner of fulfilling some activity

K.A. Dolinin

Style


Слайд 4 Characteristics of style

Characteristics of style

Слайд 5 1. a set of characteristics by which we

1. a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author

distinguish one author from another, one social group, trend,

period, etc. from another

2. something belonging to the plane of expression

Слайд 6 What is style in language?
Language - a vehicle

What is style in language?Language - a vehicle of human communication

of human communication (some kind of activity).


Style – a

manner of conducting this activity.

Слайд 7 Style in linguistics
aesthetic function and emotional colouring

Style in linguistics aesthetic function and emotional colouring of language EMs

of language

EMs and SDs of language

synonymous ways

of expressing the same idea

individual manner of using language


Слайд 8 Style as a decoration of language

Style and

Style as a decoration of language Style and language – 2

language – 2 separate bodies.


Style – like a trimming

to a dress.

Слайд 9 Style as a technique of expression

Style –

Style as a technique of expression Style – an ability to

an ability to write clearly, correctly and in a

interesting manner.


Style in the utilitarian sense, can be taught.

Слайд 10 Style as a literary genre

Classical style, realistic

Style as a literary genre Classical style, realistic style, the style

style, the style of Romanticism, etc.

Is applied to

different types of literary works – fable, novel, ballad, etc.

Слайд 11 Style depending on the aim of communication

Functional

Style depending on the aim of communication Functional styleA system of

style


A system of interrelated language means which serves a

definite aim of communication

Слайд 12 The problem of the norm. Deviations from the

The problem of the norm. Deviations from the normStyle is a

norm
Style is a product of individual choices and patterns

of choices among linguistic possibilities.


S. Chatman

Слайд 13 What is the norm?
1. the invariant of the

What is the norm?1. the invariant of the norm (an abstraction:

norm (an abstraction: phonetic, lexical, grammar and spelling rules

of a language)

2. its variants (realized in concrete texts)




Слайд 14 a set of stable language means which are

a set of stable language means which are recognized by the

recognized by the language community as a model or

standard

Norm


Слайд 15 Two opposite points of view
Style reveals itself

Two opposite points of view 	Style reveals itself through variations within

through variations within the limits of the norm.


Anything that

can be labelled as “stylistic” is already a deviation from the established norm.


Style is deviations.
(Enkvist)

Слайд 16 Deviations
non-expressive
expressive
anomalies which are found in the speech of

Deviationsnon-expressiveexpressiveanomalies which are found in the speech of children, foreigners and

children, foreigners and people with mental disorders
e.g. a books,

me speaks

deliberate, motivated violations, producing a specific effect, often creating an image

e.g. two wives ago,
it was an I who


Слайд 17 Rule – restriction – violation
every countable noun

Rule – restriction – violation every countable noun can take -s

can take -s in plural and be used with

an article

mass and abstract nouns are used with the Ø article and have no plural form

violation


Слайд 18 1. a book – books

2. sand, water
sands (a

1. a book – books2. sand, water	sands (a vast amount, the

vast amount, the sands of Sahara)
the waters of the

Pacific

3. footsteps on the sand of war



Слайд 19 The Foregrounding Theory
Foregrounding – an ability of a

The Foregrounding Theory	Foregrounding – an ability of a verbal element to

verbal element to obtain extra significance in a given

context.

Prague School of Structural Linguistics

Russian formalists – Y. Tynyanov, R. Jacobson, B. Tomashevsky, V. Shklovsky



Слайд 20 Theory of text structuring
Underlining main ideas

Dividing text into

Theory of text structuringUnderlining main ideasDividing text into paragraphs (slow perception

paragraphs (slow perception of an unbroken text )

Headlines help

to focus on main ideas

Слайд 21 Types of Foregrounding
1. Coupling

2. Convergence

3. Defeated Expectancy (Low

Types of Foregrounding1. Coupling2. Convergence3. Defeated Expectancy (Low Predictability)4. Salient Feature (Strong Position)

Predictability)

4. Salient Feature (Strong Position)


Слайд 22 Coupling
a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar

Coupling	a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar positionsR. Jacobson: parallel

positions

R. Jacobson: parallel constructions.

S. Levin: universal character of coupling.



Слайд 23 phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance

lexical –

phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance lexical – synonyms, antonyms, derivatives,

synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, words belonging to one semantic field

syntactical – anaphora, epiphora, polysyndeton

Coupling on every level of language


Слайд 24 So long as men can breathe and eyes

So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,So long

can see,
So long lives this and this gives life

to me.
W. Shakespeare


Lend your money and lose your friend.


Слайд 25 Convergence
accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive

Convergence	accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive

Слайд 26 Defeated Expectancy
Some element of the text receives prominence

Defeated Expectancy	Some element of the text receives prominence due to the

due to the interruption in the pattern of predictability.


Слайд 27 Колумб
открыл
окно
2 informational peaks
Information peaks and recessions

Колумб открыл окно2 informational peaksInformation peaks and recessions agree with organization of human attention

agree with organization of human attention


Слайд 28 Talk all you like about automatic ovens and

Talk all you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there’s

electric dishwashers, there’s nothing you can have around the

house as useful as a husband.

Чем меньше женщину мы любим, тем лучше нравимся мы ей.
А.С. Пушкин «Евгений Онегин» Глава IV.


Слайд 29 Semi-marked structures
a variety of defeated expectancy associated with

Semi-marked structures	a variety of defeated expectancy associated with deviation from the grammatical and lexical norms

deviation from the grammatical and lexical norms


Слайд 30 N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical norm

Marked
Semi- marked

N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical normMarked Semi- marked Unmarked are generated


Unmarked
are generated according to grammar rules of a

given language

grammatically incorrect sentences. Don’t exist in a language, can’t be generated according to its rules


Слайд 31 Semi-marked structures
structures that deviate from the established rules

Semi-marked structures	structures that deviate from the established rules of grammar and require special interpretation

of grammar and require special interpretation


Слайд 32 are a linguistic basis for tropes and

are a linguistic basis for tropes and SDs low predictivness

SDs

low predictivness

a source of expressing limitless

number of vivid images (structures are vague and allow different interpretations)

compression

Слайд 33
Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.

N. Chomsky

Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.N. Chomsky

Слайд 34 Strong position
headline

beginning of the text

final episode

Strong positionheadlinebeginning of the textfinal episode

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