Слайд 3
a specific characteristic of a human activity presupposing
some choice within the system of accepted norms, a
way, a mode, a manner of fulfilling some activity
K.A. Dolinin
Style
Слайд 5
1. a set of characteristics by which we
distinguish one author from another, one social group, trend,
period, etc. from another
2. something belonging to the plane of expression
Слайд 6
What is style in language?
Language - a vehicle
of human communication (some kind of activity).
Style – a
manner of conducting this activity.
Слайд 7
Style in linguistics
aesthetic function and emotional colouring
of language
EMs and SDs of language
synonymous ways
of expressing the same idea
individual manner of using language
Слайд 8
Style as a decoration of language
Style and
language – 2 separate bodies.
Style – like a trimming
to a dress.
Слайд 9
Style as a technique of expression
Style –
an ability to write clearly, correctly and in a
interesting manner.
Style in the utilitarian sense, can be taught.
Слайд 10
Style as a literary genre
Classical style, realistic
style, the style of Romanticism, etc.
Is applied to
different types of literary works – fable, novel, ballad, etc.
Слайд 11
Style depending on the aim of communication
Functional
style
A system of interrelated language means which serves a
definite aim of communication
Слайд 12
The problem of the norm. Deviations from the
norm
Style is a product of individual choices and patterns
of choices among linguistic possibilities.
S. Chatman
Слайд 13
What is the norm?
1. the invariant of the
norm (an abstraction: phonetic, lexical, grammar and spelling rules
of a language)
2. its variants (realized in concrete texts)
Слайд 14
a set of stable language means which are
recognized by the language community as a model or
standard
Norm
Слайд 15
Two opposite points of view
Style reveals itself
through variations within the limits of the norm.
Anything that
can be labelled as “stylistic” is already a deviation from the established norm.
Style is deviations.
(Enkvist)
Слайд 16
Deviations
non-expressive
expressive
anomalies which are found in the speech of
children, foreigners and people with mental disorders
e.g. a books,
me speaks
deliberate, motivated violations, producing a specific effect, often creating an image
e.g. two wives ago,
it was an I who
Слайд 17
Rule – restriction – violation
every countable noun
can take -s in plural and be used with
an article
mass and abstract nouns are used with the Ø article and have no plural form
violation
Слайд 18
1. a book – books
2. sand, water
sands (a
vast amount, the sands of Sahara)
the waters of the
Pacific
3. footsteps on the sand of war
Слайд 19
The Foregrounding Theory
Foregrounding – an ability of a
verbal element to obtain extra significance in a given
context.
Prague School of Structural Linguistics
Russian formalists – Y. Tynyanov, R. Jacobson, B. Tomashevsky, V. Shklovsky
Слайд 20
Theory of text structuring
Underlining main ideas
Dividing text into
paragraphs (slow perception of an unbroken text )
Headlines help
to focus on main ideas
Слайд 21
Types of Foregrounding
1. Coupling
2. Convergence
3. Defeated Expectancy (Low
Predictability)
4. Salient Feature (Strong Position)
Слайд 22
Coupling
a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar
positions
R. Jacobson: parallel constructions.
S. Levin: universal character of coupling.
Слайд 23
phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance
lexical –
synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, words belonging to one semantic field
syntactical – anaphora, epiphora, polysyndeton
Coupling on every level of language
Слайд 24
So long as men can breathe and eyes
can see,
So long lives this and this gives life
to me.
W. Shakespeare
Lend your money and lose your friend.
Слайд 25
Convergence
accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive
Слайд 26
Defeated Expectancy
Some element of the text receives prominence
due to the interruption in the pattern of predictability.
Слайд 27
Колумб
открыл
окно
2 informational peaks
Information peaks and recessions
agree with organization of human attention
Слайд 28
Talk all you like about automatic ovens and
electric dishwashers, there’s nothing you can have around the
house as useful as a husband.
Чем меньше женщину мы любим, тем лучше нравимся мы ей.
А.С. Пушкин «Евгений Онегин» Глава IV.
Слайд 29
Semi-marked structures
a variety of defeated expectancy associated with
deviation from the grammatical and lexical norms
Слайд 30
N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical norm
Marked
Semi- marked
Unmarked
are generated according to grammar rules of a
given language
grammatically incorrect sentences. Don’t exist in a language, can’t be generated according to its rules
Слайд 31
Semi-marked structures
structures that deviate from the established rules
of grammar and require special interpretation
Слайд 32
are a linguistic basis for tropes and
SDs
low predictivness
a source of expressing limitless
number of vivid images (structures are vague and allow different interpretations)
compression
Слайд 33
Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.
N. Chomsky
Слайд 34
Strong position
headline
beginning of the text
final episode