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Презентация на тему Bioremediation

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What is Bioremediation??Using subsurface microorganisms to transform hazardous contaminants into relatively harmless byproducts, such as ethene and waterBiodegradeMineralizeBiotransformTechniques or types of bioremediation:A component of Natural AttenuationEnhanced BioremediationBioaugmentation
Bioremediation Natalie L. CapiroOctober 21, 2003 What is Bioremediation??Using subsurface microorganisms to transform hazardous contaminants into relatively harmless Bioremediation BackgroundNatural Attenuation is Not fast enough, Not complete enough, Not frequently Historical Perspective~1900 Advent of biological processes to treat organics derived from human Soil and Subsurface ContaminantsBenzene and related fuel components (BTEX)Pyrene and other polynuclear Sources of ContaminationIndustrial spills and leaksSurface impoundmentsStorage tanks and pipesLandfillsBurial areas and dumpsInjection wells Current Water Issues Associated with Gasoline UseWidespread contaminationMajor treat to drinking water Typical Fuel (BTEX) Spill Chlorinated BackgroundGroundwater plumes of chlorinated solvents are widespread due to their extensive Routes of DNAPL Migration DNAPL  Our Most Difficult ChallengeDNAPL sourceResidual phaseTrapped on lensesPools in low Treatment TechniquesSoil Extraction Pump and TreatPhysical and/or reactive barriersAir and Hydrogen SpargingBiological (microbes)Chemical (surfactants) Why use Bioremediation?No additional disposal costsLow maintenanceDoes not create an eyesoreCapable of Source Zone Treatment vs.  Plume Treatment Fundamentals of BiodegradationAll organics are biodegradable, BUT biodegradation requires specific conditionsThere is Biotic TransformationsResult of metabolic activity of microbesAerobic and anaerobic biodegradationReduces aqueous concentrations Bioremediation ProcessesConversion of contaminants to mineralized (e.g. CO2, H2O, and salts) end-products How Microbes Use the ContaminantContaminants may serve as:Primary substrate enough available to Requirements for Microbial Growth Electron Exchange Aerobic v. AnaerobicIf oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, the process is AerobicOxidation      CometabolismAnaerobicDenitrificationManganese reductionIron reductionSulfate reductionMethanogenesisBacterial Metabolism Electron Acceptor ZonesAfter O2 is depleted, begin using NO3–Continue down the list Electron Acceptor Condition Bioremediation PracticeUnderstand physical and chemical characteristics of the contaminants of interestUnderstand the Oxygen is of Primary Importance Most of the time oxygen is the Two ways to introduce oxygen in situ Dissolved in water : Actively DehalogenationStripping halogens (generally Chlorine) from an organic moleculeGenerally an anaerobic process, and Dehalorespiration Certain chlorinated organics can serve as a terminal electron acceptor, rather Reductive DechlorinationAn electron donor, such as hydrogen, and an electron acceptor is Added DangerDechlorination of PCE and TCE should be encouraged, but monitored closelyThe CometabolismFortuitous transformation of a compound by a microbe relying on some other Selective Enhancement of  Reductive DechlorinationCompetition for available H2 in subsurfaceDechlorinators can Electron DonorsAlcohols and acidsAlmost any common fermentable compoundHydrogen apparently universal electron donor, Electron DonorsAcetate	Hydrogen -	Pickle liquor Acetic acid		biochemical	Polylactate estersBenzoate	 	electrochemical 	Propionate 	Butyrate	 	gas sparge Enhanced Bioattenuation		Petroleum	ChlorinatedTechnology 		Hydrocarbons	Solvents		(e– acceptor)	 (e– donor)Liquid Delivery		Oxygen	Benzoate	 	Nitrate 	Lactate		Sulfate	Molasses			CarbohydratesBiosparge	 	Air (oxygen)	Ammonia			Hydrogen			Propane	Slow-release		Oxygen	Hydrogen	 	 (ORC)	  (HRC) Formation of a Usable Form of Electron Donor COD=Lactate + Acetate + Propionate Case StudyPhoenix Site
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 What is Bioremediation??
Using subsurface microorganisms to transform hazardous

What is Bioremediation??Using subsurface microorganisms to transform hazardous contaminants into relatively

contaminants into relatively harmless byproducts, such as ethene and

water
Biodegrade
Mineralize
Biotransform
Techniques or types of bioremediation:
A component of Natural Attenuation
Enhanced Bioremediation
Bioaugmentation

Слайд 3 Bioremediation Background
Natural Attenuation is Not fast enough, Not

Bioremediation BackgroundNatural Attenuation is Not fast enough, Not complete enough, Not

complete enough, Not frequently occurring enough to be broadly

used for some compounds, especially chlorinated solvents
The current trend is to stimulate/enhance a site’s indigenous subsurface microorganisms by the addition of nutrients and electron donor
In some cases, bioaugmentation is necessary when metabolic capabilities are not naturally present.


Слайд 4 Historical Perspective
~1900 Advent of biological processes to treat

Historical Perspective~1900 Advent of biological processes to treat organics derived from

organics derived from human or animal wastes (and the

sludges produced)
~1950 Approaches to extend wastewater treatment to industrial wastes
~1960 Investigations into the bioremediation of synthetic chemicals in wastewaters
~1970 Application in hydrocarbon contamination such as oil spills and petroleum in groundwater
~1980 Investigations of bioremediation applications for substituted organics
~1990 Natural Attenuation of ’70 and ’90, and the development of barrier approaches
~2000 High-rate in situ bioremediation; source zone reduction; bioaugmentation


Слайд 5 Soil and Subsurface Contaminants
Benzene and related fuel components

Soil and Subsurface ContaminantsBenzene and related fuel components (BTEX)Pyrene and other

(BTEX)
Pyrene and other polynuclear aromatics
Chlorinated aromatics and solvents
Herbicides and

pesticides
Nitroaromatic explosives and plasticizers

Слайд 6 Sources of Contamination
Industrial spills and leaks
Surface impoundments
Storage tanks

Sources of ContaminationIndustrial spills and leaksSurface impoundmentsStorage tanks and pipesLandfillsBurial areas and dumpsInjection wells

and pipes
Landfills
Burial areas and dumps
Injection wells




Слайд 7 Current Water Issues Associated with Gasoline Use
Widespread contamination
Major

Current Water Issues Associated with Gasoline UseWidespread contaminationMajor treat to drinking

treat to drinking water resources
Components of fuels are known

carcinogens
Current fuel oxygenate, MTBE, very mobile and not very degradable
Ethanol is due to replace MTBE, but its behavior in the subsurface is not yet understood

Слайд 8 Typical Fuel (BTEX) Spill

Typical Fuel (BTEX) Spill

Слайд 9 Chlorinated Background
Groundwater plumes of chlorinated solvents are widespread

Chlorinated BackgroundGroundwater plumes of chlorinated solvents are widespread due to their

due to their extensive use at industrial, DOD, and

dry cleaner sites.
Chlorinated compounds commonly exist as dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) that act as long-term, continuing sources that slowly solubilize into groundwater.
Known carcinogenic and toxic effects
Not a primary substrate for any known bacteria

Слайд 10 Routes of DNAPL Migration

Routes of DNAPL Migration

Слайд 11 DNAPL Our Most Difficult Challenge
DNAPL source
Residual phase
Trapped on

DNAPL Our Most Difficult ChallengeDNAPL sourceResidual phaseTrapped on lensesPools in low

lenses
Pools in low areas
Creates soluble plumes for years
Extremely hard

to remediate

Слайд 12 Treatment Techniques
Soil Extraction
Pump and Treat
Physical and/or reactive

Treatment TechniquesSoil Extraction Pump and TreatPhysical and/or reactive barriersAir and Hydrogen SpargingBiological (microbes)Chemical (surfactants)

barriers
Air and Hydrogen Sparging
Biological (microbes)
Chemical (surfactants)




Слайд 13 Why use Bioremediation?
No additional disposal costs
Low maintenance
Does not

Why use Bioremediation?No additional disposal costsLow maintenanceDoes not create an eyesoreCapable

create an eyesore
Capable of impacting source zones and thus,

decreasing site clean-up time



Слайд 14 Source Zone Treatment vs. Plume Treatment

Source Zone Treatment vs. Plume Treatment

Слайд 15 Fundamentals of Biodegradation
All organics are biodegradable, BUT biodegradation

Fundamentals of BiodegradationAll organics are biodegradable, BUT biodegradation requires specific conditionsThere

requires specific conditions
There is no Superbug
Contaminants must be

bioavailable
Biodegradation rate and extent is controlled by a “limiting factor”

Слайд 16 Biotic Transformations
Result of metabolic activity of microbes
Aerobic and

Biotic TransformationsResult of metabolic activity of microbesAerobic and anaerobic biodegradationReduces aqueous

anaerobic biodegradation
Reduces aqueous concentrations of contaminant
Reduction of contaminant mass
Most

significant process resulting in reduction of contaminant mass in a system

Слайд 17 Bioremediation Processes
Conversion of contaminants to mineralized (e.g. CO2,

Bioremediation ProcessesConversion of contaminants to mineralized (e.g. CO2, H2O, and salts)

H2O, and salts) end-products via biological mechanisms
Biotransformation refers to

a biological process where the end-products are not minerals (e.g., transforming TCE to DCE)
Biodegradation involves the process of extracting energy from organic chemicals via oxidation of the organic chemicals

Слайд 18 How Microbes Use the Contaminant
Contaminants may serve as:
Primary

How Microbes Use the ContaminantContaminants may serve as:Primary substrate enough available

substrate
enough available to be the sole energy source
Secondary

substrate
provides energy, not available in high enough concentration
Cometabolic substrate
fortuitous transformation of a compound by a microbe relying on some other primary substrate


Слайд 19
Requirements for Microbial Growth

Requirements for Microbial Growth

Слайд 20 Electron Exchange

Electron Exchange

Слайд 21 Aerobic v. Anaerobic
If oxygen is the terminal electron

Aerobic v. AnaerobicIf oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, the process

acceptor, the process is called aerobic biodegradation
All other biological

degradation processes are classified as anaerobic biodegradation
In most cases, bacteria can only use one terminal electron acceptor
Facultative aerobes use oxygen, but can switch to nitrate in the absence of oxygen

Слайд 22 Aerobic

Oxidation
Cometabolism
Anaerobic

Denitrification
Manganese reduction
Iron

AerobicOxidation   CometabolismAnaerobicDenitrificationManganese reductionIron reductionSulfate reductionMethanogenesisBacterial Metabolism

reduction
Sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Bacterial Metabolism


Слайд 23 Electron Acceptor Zones
After O2 is depleted, begin using

Electron Acceptor ZonesAfter O2 is depleted, begin using NO3–Continue down the

NO3–
Continue down the list in this order
O2 ––>

NO3– ––> Fe3+ ––> SO42– ––> CO2


Слайд 24 Electron Acceptor Condition

Electron Acceptor Condition

Слайд 25 Bioremediation Practice
Understand physical and chemical characteristics of the

Bioremediation PracticeUnderstand physical and chemical characteristics of the contaminants of interestUnderstand

contaminants of interest
Understand the possible catabolic pathways of metabolism

and the organisms that possess that capability
Understand the environmental conditions required to:
Promote growth of desirable organisms
Provide for the expression of needed organisms
Engineer the environmental conditions needed to establish favorable conditions and contact organisms and contaminants

Слайд 26 Oxygen is of Primary Importance
Most of the

Oxygen is of Primary Importance Most of the time oxygen is

time oxygen is the primary factor limiting in situ

biodegradation
In most cases if adequate oxygen can be supplied then biodegradation rates are adequate for remediation
Other limiting factors exist, but are usually secondary to oxygen

Degradation for Benzene: C6H6 + 7.5O2 ––> 6CO2 + 3H2O


Слайд 27 Two ways to introduce oxygen in situ
Dissolved

Two ways to introduce oxygen in situ Dissolved in water :

in water :
Actively pumped: H2 O2 , aerated

water
Passively: ORC ® , membrane, aeration
In gaseous form, usually air
Bioventing above the water table
Air sparging below the water table

Oxygen Supply is the Key to Aerobic
In Situ Bioremediation


Слайд 28 Dehalogenation
Stripping halogens (generally Chlorine) from an organic molecule
Generally

DehalogenationStripping halogens (generally Chlorine) from an organic moleculeGenerally an anaerobic process,

an anaerobic process, and is often referred to as

reductive dechlorination
R–Cl + 2e– + H+ ––> R–H + Cl–
Can occur via
Dehalorespiration (anaerobic)
Cometabolism (aerobic)

Слайд 29 Dehalorespiration
Certain chlorinated organics can serve as a

Dehalorespiration Certain chlorinated organics can serve as a terminal electron acceptor,

terminal electron acceptor, rather than as a donor
Confirmed only

for chlorinated ethenes
Rapid, compared to cometabolism
High percentage of electron donor goes toward dechlorination
Dehalorespiring bacteria depend on hydrogen-producing bacteria to produce H2, which is the preferred primary substrate

Слайд 30 Reductive Dechlorination
An electron donor, such as hydrogen, and

Reductive DechlorinationAn electron donor, such as hydrogen, and an electron acceptor

an electron acceptor is needed to transfer from one

product to the next


Слайд 31 Added Danger
Dechlorination of PCE and TCE should be

Added DangerDechlorination of PCE and TCE should be encouraged, but monitored

encouraged, but monitored closely
The dechlorination products of PCE are

more hazardous than the parent compound
DCE is 50 times more hazardous than TCE
Vinyl Chloride is a known carcinogen


Слайд 32 Cometabolism
Fortuitous transformation of a compound by a microbe

CometabolismFortuitous transformation of a compound by a microbe relying on some

relying on some other primary substrate
Generally a slow process

- Chlorinated solvents don’t provide much energy to the microbe
Most oxidation is of primary substrate, with only a few percent of the electron donor consumption going toward dechlorination of the contaminant
Not all chlorinated solvents susceptible to cometabolism (e.g., PCE and carbon tetrachloride)


Слайд 33 Selective Enhancement of Reductive Dechlorination
Competition for available H2

Selective Enhancement of Reductive DechlorinationCompetition for available H2 in subsurfaceDechlorinators can

in subsurface
Dechlorinators can utilize H2 at lower concentrations than

methanogens or sulfate-reducers
Addition of more complex substrates that can only be fermented at low H2 partial pressures may provide competitive advantage to dechlorinators

Слайд 34 Electron Donors
Alcohols and acids
Almost any common fermentable compound
Hydrogen

Electron DonorsAlcohols and acidsAlmost any common fermentable compoundHydrogen apparently universal electron

apparently universal electron donor, but no universal substrate
Laboratory or

small-scale field studies required to determine if particular substrate will support dechlorination at particular site

Слайд 35 Electron Donors
Acetate Hydrogen - Pickle liquor
Acetic acid biochemical Polylactate esters
Benzoate electrochemical

Electron DonorsAcetate	Hydrogen -	Pickle liquor Acetic acid		biochemical	Polylactate estersBenzoate	 	electrochemical 	Propionate 	Butyrate	 	gas

Propionate
Butyrate gas sparge Propionic acid
Cheese whey Humic acids

- Sucrose
Chicken manure naturally occurring Surfactants -
Corn steep liquor Isopropanol Terigitol5-S-12
Ethanol Lactate Witconol 2722
Glucose Lactic acid Tetraalkoxsilanes
Hydrocarbon Methanol Wastewater
contaminants Molasses Yeast extract
Mulch

Слайд 36 Enhanced Bioattenuation
Petroleum Chlorinated
Technology Hydrocarbons Solvents
(e– acceptor) (e– donor)

Liquid Delivery Oxygen Benzoate
Nitrate

Enhanced Bioattenuation		Petroleum	ChlorinatedTechnology 		Hydrocarbons	Solvents		(e– acceptor)	 (e– donor)Liquid Delivery		Oxygen	Benzoate	 	Nitrate 	Lactate		Sulfate	Molasses			CarbohydratesBiosparge	 	Air (oxygen)	Ammonia			Hydrogen			Propane	Slow-release		Oxygen	Hydrogen	 	 (ORC)	 (HRC)

Lactate
Sulfate Molasses
Carbohydrates

Biosparge Air (oxygen) Ammonia
Hydrogen
Propane

Slow-release Oxygen Hydrogen
(ORC) (HRC)


Слайд 37 Formation of a Usable Form of Electron Donor

Formation of a Usable Form of Electron Donor COD=Lactate + Acetate + Propionate


COD=Lactate + Acetate + Propionate


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