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Презентация на тему Introduction to research Methodology. Why do research

Why do research?Validate intuitionImprove methods Demands of the JobFor publication
Introduction to research    MethodologyDr Horace FletcherDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Why do research?Validate intuitionImprove methods Demands of the JobFor publication Choose a subjectBased on an ideaBased on your experienceBased on your readingOriginality Choose a study designCase reportCase seriesCase controlled studyCross sectionalCohortRetrospective comparisonProspective Comparison A Case reportDescription of one interesting and unusual caseThis is anecdotal and Case seriesDescription of several cases in which no attempt is made to Cross sectional studyA survey of the frequency of disease, risk factors or Cohort studyAn observational study of a group of people with a specific Case control studyAn observational study where characteristics of people with a disease Controlled TrialsAn experimental study in which an intervention is applied to one Adequacy of designBest study is a randomised controlled double blindNot possible in Adequacy of studyStudy sample must be representative large enough size to ensure Define Your objectivesTry to keep these simpleThe more variables the more difficultHowever Literature searchCheck to see if your idea is originalLook for a new The protocolWrite out introduction and methodology in detailGive it to people to Basics of the protocolThis where you start writing the paperWrite intro, methods The studyAssignment of rolesProjected time to completionGet all equipment before startGet ethical approvalGet funding The studyResponsibilityData collectionAccurate testing and measurements Stick to the protocolSample size Writing the paperTwo reasons your papers are rejectedContentFormatGet a copy of the Writing upYour paper is reviewed by experts Get help before sending it AuthorshipShould be directly involved at the Idea stageProtocol developmentActual performance of the Term delivery after intrauterine relocation of an ectopic pregnancyPearce, Mayonde and Chamberlain. AuthorshipAll authors must take full responsibility for the studyThat is why it
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Why do research?
Validate intuition

Improve methods

Demands of the

Why do research?Validate intuitionImprove methods Demands of the JobFor publication

Job

For publication


Слайд 3 Choose a subject
Based on an idea

Based on your

Choose a subjectBased on an ideaBased on your experienceBased on your readingOriginality

experience

Based on your reading

Originality


Слайд 4 Choose a study design
Case report
Case series
Case controlled study
Cross

Choose a study designCase reportCase seriesCase controlled studyCross sectionalCohortRetrospective comparisonProspective Comparison

sectional
Cohort
Retrospective comparison
Prospective Comparison


Слайд 5 A Case report
Description of one interesting and unusual

A Case reportDescription of one interesting and unusual caseThis is anecdotal

case

This is anecdotal and may form the basis for

further study

This may be the only way to report on something very rare

Слайд 6 Case series
Description of several cases in which no

Case seriesDescription of several cases in which no attempt is made

attempt is made to answer specific hypotheses or compare

results with another group of cases.

Слайд 7 Cross sectional study
A survey of the frequency of

Cross sectional studyA survey of the frequency of disease, risk factors

disease, risk factors or other characteristics in a defined

population at one particular point in time.

Слайд 8 Cohort study
An observational study of a group of

Cohort studyAn observational study of a group of people with a

people with a specific characteristic or disease who are

followed over a period of time to detect change

Comparison with control group is allowed

Слайд 9 Case control study
An observational study where characteristics of

Case control studyAn observational study where characteristics of people with a

people with a disease (cases) are compared with selected

people without the disease (controls)

Слайд 10 Controlled Trials
An experimental study in which an intervention

Controlled TrialsAn experimental study in which an intervention is applied to

is applied to one group and the outcome compared

with that in a similar group (controls) not receiving the intervention

Слайд 12 Adequacy of design
Best study is a randomised controlled

Adequacy of designBest study is a randomised controlled double blindNot possible

double blind

Not possible in all cases

May be unethical to

treat or withhold treatment

Слайд 13 Adequacy of study
Study sample
must be representative
large

Adequacy of studyStudy sample must be representative large enough size to

enough size to ensure sufficient power

Quality control
Accurate measurements
Compliance of

cases and controls

Слайд 14 Define Your objectives
Try to keep these simple
The more

Define Your objectivesTry to keep these simpleThe more variables the more

variables the more difficult
However use the opportunity
Get help

at this stage
Senior colleagues
Experienced researchers

Слайд 15 Literature search
Check to see if your idea is

Literature searchCheck to see if your idea is originalLook for a

original
Look for a new slant to present
Try to get

the full article
Read all the references
Most of these will be vital when writing up

Слайд 16 The protocol
Write out introduction and methodology in detail

Give

The protocolWrite out introduction and methodology in detailGive it to people

it to people to read to check for major

flaws

Get help at this stage

Слайд 17 Basics of the protocol
This where you start writing

Basics of the protocolThis where you start writing the paperWrite intro,

the paper
Write intro, methods in detail
Ethical considerations
Analytical methods in

detail
Budget

Слайд 18 The study
Assignment of roles
Projected time to completion
Get all

The studyAssignment of rolesProjected time to completionGet all equipment before startGet ethical approvalGet funding

equipment before start
Get ethical approval
Get funding


Слайд 19 The study
Responsibility
Data collection
Accurate testing and measurements
Stick to

The studyResponsibilityData collectionAccurate testing and measurements Stick to the protocolSample size

the protocol
Sample size


Слайд 20 Writing the paper
Two reasons your papers are rejected
Content
Format
Get

Writing the paperTwo reasons your papers are rejectedContentFormatGet a copy of

a copy of the Journal you wish to publish

in similar article or detailed instructions

Слайд 21 Writing up
Your paper is reviewed by experts
Get

Writing upYour paper is reviewed by experts Get help before sending

help before sending it away

Reading a protocol or a

paper or offering advice does not entitle one to become an author on a paper


Слайд 22 Authorship
Should be directly involved at the
Idea stage
Protocol

AuthorshipShould be directly involved at the Idea stageProtocol developmentActual performance of

development
Actual performance of the study
Interpretation of results
Writing up


Слайд 23 Term delivery after intrauterine relocation of an ectopic

Term delivery after intrauterine relocation of an ectopic pregnancyPearce, Mayonde and

pregnancy
Pearce, Mayonde and Chamberlain. British Journal of Obstetrics and

Gynaecology 1984 101:746

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