Презентация на тему Defining/Non-Defining Relative Clause

or thing.
Who – for people
Which – for things
Where- for

places
When – for time
Who
Which That

Who/which can be omitted (when the verbs in the main clause and a relative clause have different subjects) E.g.: He is the man (who) I met on the plane

1860, is worth $2 million.
Last week I visited my

aunt, who’s nearly 90 years old.
Kazan, where we were born, is a beautiful city.
My neighbour, whose garden is smaller than ours, has an enormous dog.

put it in between commas.
You can’t omit who, which,

etc.
You can’t use that instead of who/which.

sentence
The tourists, who had valid passports, were allowed in

the country.

The tourists who had valid passports were allowed in the country.

to/so as to + V
He is running to/in

order to/so as to catch a bus.
so that + can/will [FUTURE]
She will stay at the office late so that she will finish the report.
so that + could/would [PAST]
Joe joined a gym so that he could become fitter.

V-ing
He went to the bank with the aim

of asking for a loan.
For + noun/V-ing
Anne needs a special liquid for removing paint from furniture.
In case + Present [PRESENT, FUTURE]
Leave earlier in case you run into traffic.
In case + Past [PAST]
She kept a second set of keys in case she lost the first one.

(the doer = the same)
Chris took a taxi so

as not to be late for work.
So that + can’t/won’t [PRESENT, FUTURE] (the doers = the same)
He’s put a password in his computer so that others can’t use it.
So that + couldn’t/wouldn’t [PAST]
They hid the truth from him so that he wouldn’t be upset.
Prevent + smb/smth. (from) + V-ing
She drew the curtains to prevent the sunlight (from) coming in.
Avoid + V-ing
He takes the bus to avoid spending money on petrol.

because/ since (=because)/for (=because)/ as long as (=because)/ on

the grounds that/ the reason for/ the reason why
1) Since she isn’t at home, 2) we’ll go without her.
They fired him on the grounds that he wasn’t doing his job properly.

always comes after a comma in written speech (or

a pause in oral speech)
She didn’t come on time because she was held up in traffic.
She didn’t come on time, for she was held up in traffic.

to the severe snowstorm, the airport had to close.
I

caught a cold because of standing in the rain for hours.
Because of/Due to + the fact that … … …
Due to the fact/Because of the fact that there was fog, all train departures were cancelled.