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Презентация на тему A short history of the evolution of surgery

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2. Evolution of surgeryIntroduction to modern surgeryShort history
3. „The abdomen, the chest and the brain
4. „Today our colleagues perform an average of
5. Epochs of SurgeryCharacteristics of the pre-modern phase:Lack
6. Medical heritage of early civilizationsThe earliest written
8. Scope of surgical activitiesBandages, dressingsCircumcisionOpening abscessesFractures, dislocationsLithotomies (urolith)Hemorrhoides, fistulasAmputationsTooth extractionsHerniotomies
9. Hippocrates (460-375 b.c.)„The father of medicine”Medicine and
10. Ancient textbooksAyur Veda (The book of life)
11. Medieval medicine (476-1453)Religious medicine, dogmasLow social status
14. The Salerno SchoolFirst school of formal training,commenced
15. Development of medicine in the middle agesLanfranc
17. Ambroise Paré 1510-1590Apprentice of VesaliusField surgeon in
19. XVIII. EnlightenmentRevival of ancient medical knowledgeWilliam and
21. Beginning of modern surgery Phase I: introduction
22. Warren and Morton
23. Early development of biomedical sciencesEdward Jenner (surgeon):
24. Antisepsis-asepsis, II. phaseLouis Pasteur: correlation between rotting
25. The first (surgical) Nobel Prize in
26. Features of modern surgeryHigh degree of specialization
27. Independent disciplines sprouting from general surgeryUrologyOrthopedicsRadiologyTraumatologyChest surgeryHeart
28. Cooperation between disciplines„Clinical Sciences”Anesthesiology, ICUImaging: US, CT,
29. Surgery
30. Historical moments of the University of DebrecenCalvinist
32. Prof. Tivadar Hüttl
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Evolution of surgeryIntroduction to modern surgeryShort history of the Medical School of Debrecen and the Surgical Institute

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A short history of the evolution of surgery

A short history of the evolution of surgeryLászló DamjanovichProfessor of Surgery

Evolution of surgeryIntroduction to modern surgeryShort history of the Medical School of

„The abdomen, the chest and the brain will forever be shut from

„Today our colleagues perform an average of 80.000 operations each day (in

Epochs of SurgeryCharacteristics of the pre-modern phase:Lack of significant anatomical knowledgeProgress was

Medical heritage of early civilizationsThe earliest written piece of medical history, 1600-1500

A short history of the evolution of surgery

Scope of surgical activitiesBandages, dressingsCircumcisionOpening abscessesFractures, dislocationsLithotomies (urolith)Hemorrhoides, fistulasAmputationsTooth extractionsHerniotomies

Hippocrates (460-375 b.c.)„The father of medicine”Medicine and surgery was one disciplineGreat attention

Ancient textbooksAyur Veda (The book of life) India, ChinaCode of Hammurabi 2000

Medieval medicine (476-1453)Religious medicine, dogmasLow social status of surgeonsSurgery practiced by barber

The Salerno SchoolFirst school of formal training,commenced in the 12th century, southern

Development of medicine in the middle agesLanfranc 1315. France, against „pus bonum

Ambroise Paré 1510-1590Apprentice of VesaliusField surgeon in the French armyPerformed autopsiesUsed turpentine,

XVIII. EnlightenmentRevival of ancient medical knowledgeWilliam and John Hunter Anatomy of the

Beginning of modern surgery Phase I: introduction of anaesthesia (Morton) anesthetic – the

Early development of biomedical sciencesEdward Jenner (surgeon): 1749-1823 Vaccination, pox Theodor Schwann:

Antisepsis-asepsis, II. phaseLouis Pasteur: correlation between rotting and oxygen content of the

The first (surgical) Nobel Prize in medicineTheodor Kocher 1841-1917. Bern 1909: „…for his

Features of modern surgeryHigh degree of specialization (heart, vascular, chest, pediatric, colorectal…)Maximum

Independent disciplines sprouting from general surgeryUrologyOrthopedicsRadiologyTraumatologyChest surgeryHeart surgeryPediatric surgeryHand surgeryVascular s.Transplantation s.NeurosurgeryHead

Cooperation between disciplines„Clinical Sciences”Anesthesiology, ICUImaging: US, CT, MR, PET, nuclear medicineLaboratory diagnostics,

Historical moments of the University of DebrecenCalvinist Coll. 1541University XVII th century1750-

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2
Evolution of surgery
Introduction to modern surgery
Short history of

Evolution of surgeryIntroduction to modern surgeryShort history of the Medical School

the Medical School of Debrecen and the Surgical Institute

Слайд 3 „The abdomen, the chest and the brain will

„The abdomen, the chest and the brain will forever be shut

forever be shut from the intrusion of the wise

and humane surgeon.” Sir John Ericksen, Surgeon Extraordinaire to Queen Victoria, 1837

Слайд 4 „Today our colleagues perform an average of 80.000

„Today our colleagues perform an average of 80.000 operations each day

operations each day (in the USA), many in the

abdomen, chest or brain”

Daniel J. Riskin, UCLA, 2006

Слайд 5 Epochs of Surgery
Characteristics of the pre-modern phase:
Lack of

Epochs of SurgeryCharacteristics of the pre-modern phase:Lack of significant anatomical knowledgeProgress

significant anatomical knowledge
Progress was made by the isolated achievement

of outstanding personalities
Methods were tested during major wars under the pressure of necessity
Clerical dogmas prevailed over scientific contributions

Слайд 6 Medical heritage of early civilizations
The earliest written piece

Medical heritage of early civilizationsThe earliest written piece of medical history,

of medical history, 1600-1500 B.C. Edwin Smith Egyptian papyrus:
surgery

was well defined, having important role in medicine
contains case reports in a logically arranged series
personal cleanliness, hygiene and correct diagnosis before treatment was important

Слайд 7

Слайд 8 Scope of surgical activities

Bandages, dressings
Circumcision
Opening abscesses
Fractures, dislocations
Lithotomies (urolith)
Hemorrhoides,

fistulas
Amputations
Tooth extractions
Herniotomies

Слайд 9 Hippocrates (460-375 b.c.)
„The father of medicine”
Medicine and surgery

Hippocrates (460-375 b.c.)„The father of medicine”Medicine and surgery was one disciplineGreat

was one discipline
Great attention to observation, detail, record keeping,

gathering knowledge about diseases, cleanliness, order, practice
„Humoralpathology”
Corpus Hippocraticum, devotion to the patient,

Слайд 10 Ancient textbooks
Ayur Veda (The book of life) India,

Ancient textbooksAyur Veda (The book of life) India, ChinaCode of Hammurabi

China
Code of Hammurabi 2000 B.C. Mesopotamia) (Surg., Medical, Legal

text)
Alexandria: Aristotle, Herophilos, Erasistratos
Roman empire: Celsus 8 books, Galenus (treated gladiators, dissected pigs, many errors, great impact until XV. century, disagreement was heresy)
Arabic period, Avicenna (Persian) Xth century:
The Canon (surgery as a necessary evil, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo: hospital-med. schools)

Слайд 11 Medieval medicine (476-1453)
Religious medicine, dogmas
Low social status of

Medieval medicine (476-1453)Religious medicine, dogmasLow social status of surgeonsSurgery practiced by

surgeons
Surgery practiced by barber surgeons
Clerical ban on autopsies, absense

of anatomical knowledge (dissection on pigs)
Miracles made by saints
Illnes is a retribution from heaven
Hospitals maintained by the church
The sick taken care of by nuns

Слайд 12

Слайд 13

Слайд 14 The Salerno School
First school of formal training,commenced in

The Salerno SchoolFirst school of formal training,commenced in the 12th century,

the 12th century, southern Italy
The first secular medical school
Revival

of ancient knowledge
Dissection on pigs
More emphasis on surgery
Recording own experience of surgeons
Roger of Salerno: Cyrurgia Rigerii 1170- the first independent surgical work in the West
The school moves to Bologna after his death

Слайд 15 Development of medicine in the middle ages
Lanfranc 1315.

Development of medicine in the middle agesLanfranc 1315. France, against „pus

France, against „pus bonum et laudabile” keep it clean
Pope

Sixtus IV. (1414-1484) appr. autopsies, stimulation of studies
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dürer, Titian…
Jacob Sylvius, Paris: Galen’s anatomy

Andreas Vesalius, Brussels: at age 23, professor of surgery
De Humani Corporis fabrica (at age 28)
Paracelsus, Basel:
„internal medicine and surgery must not be separated”

Слайд 16

Слайд 17 Ambroise Paré 1510-1590

Apprentice of Vesalius
Field surgeon in the

Ambroise Paré 1510-1590Apprentice of VesaliusField surgeon in the French armyPerformed autopsiesUsed

French army
Performed autopsies
Used turpentine, instead of burning oil to

treat gunshot wounds, amputated limbs
Routine ligature of vessels
Invented new instruments, limb prostheses

Слайд 18

Слайд 19 XVIII. Enlightenment
Revival of ancient medical knowledge
William and John

XVIII. EnlightenmentRevival of ancient medical knowledgeWilliam and John Hunter Anatomy of

Hunter
Anatomy of the gravid uterus (William)
Ligature of the

aneurysm of the superficial fem. art. (instead of amputation) in four cases succesfully
Angina pectoris in his own case (John)

Слайд 20

Слайд 21 Beginning of modern surgery
Phase I:
introduction of

Beginning of modern surgery Phase I: introduction of anaesthesia (Morton) anesthetic –

anaesthesia (Morton)
anesthetic – the agent

1842. January: William E. Clarke

tooth extraction under ether narcosis Rochester, NY
1846. October: Dr.John C. Warren (NEJM, AMA, 1st dean of Harvard) jaw tumor removal under ether narcosis performed by William T.G. Morton

Слайд 22 Warren
and
Morton

Слайд 23 Early development of biomedical sciences

Edward Jenner (surgeon): 1749-1823

Early development of biomedical sciencesEdward Jenner (surgeon): 1749-1823 Vaccination, pox Theodor

Vaccination, pox
Theodor Schwann:
1810-1882, cells
Rudolf Virchow
1821-1902, cellular

pathology

Francois Magendie
1783-1855, nervous system anatomy
Claude Bernard
1813-1878, experimental physiology homeostasis

Слайд 24 Antisepsis-asepsis, II. phase
Louis Pasteur: correlation between rotting and

Antisepsis-asepsis, II. phaseLouis Pasteur: correlation between rotting and oxygen content of

oxygen content of the air, discovery of bacteria
Joseph Lister:

carbolic acid used for sanitation in Carlisle, wound toilette, and operating instruments, death rate dropped to 1/3, lead and zinc plates to cover wounds
Semmelweis Ignácz: hypochloric acid for decontamination of the hand after autopsies
R.Koch: TB, anthrax, steem for sterilization
Trendelenburg, Schimmelbusch: steam sterilization
Steril rubber gloves: Halsted 1891.
Face mask: Hunter 1900.

Слайд 25 The first (surgical) Nobel Prize in medicine

Theodor Kocher

1841-1917. Bern

1909:
„…for his work in physiology, pathology and surgery

on the thyroid gland…”

Слайд 26 Features of modern surgery
High degree of specialization (heart,

Features of modern surgeryHigh degree of specialization (heart, vascular, chest, pediatric,

vascular, chest, pediatric, colorectal…)
Maximum use of related sciences (rtg,

US, CT, MRI, laboratory tests, endoscopy…)
Fast and wide share of information
Research oriented development of surgery guided by the rules of science and law
and grants!

Слайд 27 Independent disciplines sprouting from general surgery

Urology
Orthopedics
Radiology
Traumatology
Chest surgery
Heart surgery
Pediatric

surgery
Hand surgery

Vascular s.
Transplantation s.
Neurosurgery
Head and neck s.
Ophtalmic s.
Plastic s.

Слайд 28 Cooperation between disciplines

„Clinical Sciences”

Anesthesiology, ICU
Imaging: US, CT, MR,

Cooperation between disciplines„Clinical Sciences”Anesthesiology, ICUImaging: US, CT, MR, PET, nuclear medicineLaboratory

PET, nuclear medicine
Laboratory diagnostics, microbiology lab
Internal medicine (gastroent., endocrin.,

cardiol., nephrol…)
Surgery

Theoretical Sciences”
Anatomy, physiol., chemistry, physics
Pharmacology
Engineering (sterilization, lighting, laparoscopy, endoscopy, US cutting devices, staplers, implants
Immunology (transfusion, transplantation…)
Genetics (FAP, HNPCC…)

Слайд 29 Surgery

Слайд 30 Historical moments of the University of Debrecen

Calvinist Coll.

Historical moments of the University of DebrecenCalvinist Coll. 1541University XVII th

1541
University XVII th century
1750- István Hatvani: natural sciences in

the curricula
1906. Gyula Kenézy, theol., law, science and medical faculties
1914-1918. University of Arts and Sciences, Floris Korb
1921: Inauguration of the Medical Faculty
Four out of 15 professors stay in Debrecen during WW II

1951: Med. Fac. becomes and independent university: DOTE
1977: Dentistry Fac. founded
1987: English Program initiated
1998: University Assoc. of Debrecen DATE, DOTE, KLTE, KFRTF, LFZFDK, ATOMKI, DRHE
2000: UD MHSC