Презентация на тему Acculturation and adaptation among migrants

OUTLINE
Introduction
Plural Societies
Acculturation
Acculturation

1. Introduction
This presentation will

of migrants is the formation of culturally plural societies.

many cultural, linguistic and religious communities living together in

Which model should characterize Russia in the future?

the process of cultural and psychological change following contact

the features of the cultural groups in contact

the left), there are (at lest) two cultural

side) there are two kinds of phenomena
Psychological acculturation includes:

Acculturation Research
The goals of acculturation research are:

1. to

Acculturation Research:

These same goals apply equally to all members of the larger society.

Without an understanding of how these societies of settlement
are impacted by immigration and acculturation, there can be no
improvement in the wellbeing for immigrant and ethnocultural
groups when their social, economic and political environments
remain unchanged, and often negative because of prejudice and
discrimination.

Variations in Acculturation:

It is now well established that acculturation takes place in many ways, and has highly variable outcomes.
Not all groups and individuals seek to engage the process in the same way.
These variations appear in regard to both how people acculturate and how well they adapt.
These highly variable outcomes need to be understood as a basis for policy formulation.

Strategies:

Groups and individuals in acculturating groups hold differing views about how to relate to each other and how to change.

These views concern two underlying issues:
1.Maintenance of heritage cultural and identity in order to sustain cultural
communities, and

2. Participation with other groups in the life of the national society.

Their intersection produces four acculturation strategies used by groups in contact

These strategies represent the how issue mentioned earlier.

Strategies: Framework

Strategies: Ethnocultural Groups and larger Society
There

Strategies:

When these two issues are crossed, four acculturation strategies are defined:
For non-dominant ethnocultural groups (on the left), orientations to these issues intersect to define the four acculturation strategies of assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization.
Assimilation exists when individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural heritage or identity and seek daily interaction with other cultures.
Separation exists when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others.
Marginalisation exists when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination).

Strategies:

Integration exists when there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture and identity, while being in daily interactions with other groups.
In this case, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained; at the same time, as a member of an ethnocultural group, there is a desire to participate as an integral part of the larger society.
Note that integration has a very specific meaning within this framework: it is clearly different from assimilation (because with integration, there is substantial cultural maintenance); and it is not a generic term referring to just any kind of long term involvement of an immigrant group in the society of settlement.

Acculturation Strategies:

From the point of view of the larger society (in their policies and practices) other parallel concepts are often used:
Melting Pot exists when the dominant group seeks the Assimilation of ethnocultural groups.
Segregation exists when the dominant group enforces the Separation of ethnocultural groups.
Exclusion exists when Marginalisation is imposed by the dominant society on ethnocultural groups.
Multiculturalism exists when both diversity and participation are widely accepted and valued by the society as a whole, including by all the various ethnocultural groups; it is the counterpart to Integration.

Findings with Ethnocultural Groups
In most

societies vary greatly in their approach to how to

Strategies in Moscow: Which Way does Acculturation Take Place Here?
In

are three forms of adaptation:
Psychological: Lack of psychological

shows that immigrants vary in their adaptation, depending on

Relations to Acculturation

In response to the question about relationship between acculturation strategies and adaptation, the answer is now very clear:
In both the larger society and members of migrant groups:
- Integration/Multiculturalism promotes better adaptation,
- Marginalization/Exclusion promotes the worst adaptation.
- Assimilation/Melting Pot and Separation/Segregation strategies
usually have intermediate outcomes.
To achieve positive adaptation, the best strategy is to promote this double engagement by all members of the plural society

third form of mutual adaptation.
Intercultural contact take place in

Multiculturalism was announced by the Canadian Federal government in

and fundamental goal of the policy is to enhance

Canadian Multiculturalism Policy

that the concept of multiculturalism and of the MC

adopted a set of “Common Basic Principles for Immigrant

principles, the cornerstones of multiculturalism policy are evident:
the right

here?
Do you promote the existence and development of different

given rise to three principles that have been examined

when individuals and societies are confident in, and feel

Zealand and the USA have provided empirical support for

has largely been supported.
Feelings of security and threat

individuals are ‘doubly engaged’ (in both their heritage cultures

prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between

of the contact principle was carried out.
These studies were

across cultures that greater intercultural contact is associated with

acculturation, adaptation and intercultural relations in Moscow, with samples

respondents: 651 were Russian Muscovites and 378 were migrants,

security scale score was an average of three subscales:

used only the acculturation attitudes of integration and assimilation,

scale assesses competence in daily life in Moscow.
Contacts. Ethnic

the acculturation expectation of melting pot are significantly more

tolerance among migrants as well as among members of

strategy among migrants is positively related to their sociocultural

supported with both samples.
For migrants, having frequent friendly

principles together to obtain an overall assessment of them

supported among migrants: perceived security predicts tolerance, but not

supported: perceived security predicts tolerance , but not multicultural

in the international findings, and in research in Moscow

larger national society, public policies of
Multiculturalism, supporting the

as those dealing with education, health, and justice should

Ethnocultural

For all ethnocultural communities, it is important to provide encouragement and support for both their cultural maintenance and their full and equitable participation in the life of the larger society through multicultural policies.

Participation without maintenance promotes Assimilation, and threatens the group’s security.
Maintenance without participation promotes Separation, and threatens the dominant group’s security.
Engaging in both promotes Integration, and avoids Marginalisation.

individuals, public education through the general dissemination of information