Презентация на тему Британский и американский английский

can’t understand me at all.

Mark Twain

early step in the study of a language is

to model it in order to see how it is structured and used. (CUP)
A basic language learner is normally focused on the structure of a language.
In our project, we focus on the second perspective, the USE.

The Roman god, Janus, with a double-faced head.

use

structure

matter – the study of local dialects. Historically, the

English language was restricted to the British Isles. Even when it began to move around the world, only few global differences in regional speech were apparent (American English, Canadian English, Australian English).

In the present century, there is a universal awareness that English dialects operate on a world scale (the study of ‘world Englishes’).

The study of local dialects + the study of ‘world Englishes’ = The Circles of World English

(USA)

the countries where English is the primary language like

the USA and the UK.

The outer circle implies the spread of English as a ‘2nd language’ in non-native countries like India.

The expanding circle involves the nations recognizing English as a foreign language.

1980s.
The SE of an English speaking country is

a minority variety which carries most
prestige and is most widely understood. This prestige accent is known as Received Pronunciation (RP).

General American (GA) – the speech of native speakers of American English that many consider to be typical of the United States, noted for its exclusion of phonological forms readily recognized as regional to particular groups.

World Standard English (WSE) – a totally uniform, regionally neutral, and prestigious variety does not exist worldwide. Two trends:
each country where English is official language tries to preserve its linguistic identity from the foreign influence (Canadians do not want to be Americans);
all other countries fall into three groups:

the arrival of three Germanic tribes, the Angles, the

Saxons and the Jutes, who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.

There are three stages of the development of the English language:
Old English (450-1100 AD)
Middle English (1100-1500)
Modern English (1500-the Present)

poor,
Your huddled masses, yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse

of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

Emma Lazarus (1849—1877)

 
 
 

1. The first pilgrims came on the Mayflower ship and founded New England in 1620;
2. In the 18th century there was a wave of immigrants from Northern Ireland and Scotland;
3. From 1840 to 1910 28 million immigrants came to America;
4. From 1901 to 1930  a million Mexicans came to Texas and California;
5. In 1975 immigrants from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos came to the U.S.;
6. The U.S. Congress approved a series of immigration laws, restricting the flow of immigrants into the country.

the Americas,
A light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean,
A child of

many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads.

I am a U.S. Puerto Rican Jew,
A product of the ghettoes of New York I have never known.
An immigrant and the daughter and granddaughter of immigrants.
I speak English with passion: it’s the tongue of my consciousness,
A flashing knife blade of crystal, my tool, my craft.

I am Caribena, island grown. Spanish is in my flesh,
Ripples from my tongue, lodges in my hips:
The language of garlic and mangoes,
The singing in my poetry, the flying gestures of my hands.
I am of Latinoamerica, rooted in the history of my continent:
I speak from my body.

I am not African. African is in me, but I cannot return.

I am not Taina. Taino is in me, but there is no way back,

I am not European. Europe lives in me, but I have no home there.


I am new. History made me. My first language was Spanglish.

I was born at the crossroads
And I am whole.


Aurora Levins Morales [b. 1954], was written in 1986

Latin, French, and Scandinavian.

Modern English loans from Greek, Spanish,

Portuguese, Arabic, Persian, Russian, and other languages.
American English borrowings from immigrating peoples.

long neck, and a body like a drum, use

to play a popular music;
Dutch
coleslaw: a salad made from raw chopped cabbage;
French
prairie: a wide, treeless grassy plain;
German
hamburger: a sandwich made of a ground beef patty placed in a soft roll;
pretzel: a hard glazed and salty bread shaped like a loose knot;
Native American
moccasin: a soft leather shoe;
squash: a gourd-like vegetable grown on a vine;
Spanish
ranch: a large farm where sheep, cattle, horses are produced;
Yiddish
bagel: a hard glazed doughnut-shaped roll;

some aspects of American way:

brunch: a late weekend breakfast

(breakfast + lunch);
cattle corn – mixed corn: sweet and salted;
dime: a ten-cent coin;
downtown: the centre of the city;
geek: an uncool person (school slang);
mall: a huge shopping centre with restaurants and even cinemas;
nuts: crazy;
pants: trousers (BrE);
potluck: a party to which every family bring their own special dish to share it with the others.

(BrE) – center (AmE), theatre – theater, colour -

color, catalogue – catalog, honour – honor, favourite – favorite, cheque – check, prison – jail and others. To know more look up here
 Deviant spelling (deviation from the norm): 'They're finger-lickin' good'. 
Accurate pronunciation of the word (formal and informal speech), for example: night - nite, through – thru, right - rite.
To know more look up here

/a:r ju:/: are easy / a:r i:zi/;

BrE says the final /r/ before vowel sounds (vocalization) – are easy / a:r i:zi/;
individual differences: ate - /eit/ AmE – /aet/ BrE, schedule – /`skedʒuәl/ - /‘∫edju:l/;

long and short pronunciation of the letter A: ask - /aesk/ AmE – /a: sk/ BrE
word stress in endings: -ary/-ory : secretary AmE – secretary BrE, laboratory – laboratory , inquiry – inquiry;
-et: ballet – ballet, cigarette – cigarette, valet – valet;
and other: magazine – magazine, moustache – moustache, premier – premier, princess – princess, weekend – weekend.

To know more examples look up here

only in BrE.  (congress AmE - parliament BrE, apartment

– flat, cub – taxi, candy – sweets, elevator – lift, fall – autumn, mail – post, canteen – cafeteria, vacation - holiday). Some words are unambiguous (checking account - current account ). To know more look up here
There are words that have one value from the WSE, and more additional values​ (caravan «refers to a group of travelers in the desert" in both versions, in BrE it means vehicle, in AmE – trailer, van).  
Both variants have the word undertaker, but AmE has also the word mortician. 

The most noticeable lexical differences in the car terminology (gas (gasoline) AmE –petrol BrE; automobile – car; gas pedal – accelerator; hood – bonnet; tire – tyre; truck – lorry; trunk – boot; windshield - wind-screen)

Idioms can have different meaning. ‘The play was a real bomb’ Americans will understand as a 'total disaster' - the British ‘a huge success’.

(BrE), get, got, gotten - get, got, got;
Possessive phrases

- Do you have the time? - Have you got the time?; responses are also different (I don't - I haven't);
AmE sometimes uses Past Simple vs BrE Present Perfect
(I just ate - I have just eaten);
In AmE will / won 't substitute shall / shan' t;
The word order in the noun phrase (Hudson River - River Thames, a half hour - half an hour);

AmE prefers was (I wish she was here - I wish she were here);
adverbs (I'll go momentarily - I'll go in a moment, real good - really good, backward - backwards);
Parallel excuses (They live on X street - they live in X street; I'll see you over the weekend - I'll see you at the weekend; Monday through Friday - Monday to Friday inclusive). To know more look up here

p.3;
Adopted from Babayantz, A.V. “50 Essentials to Know about

American Lifestyle”, Мозаика, №3 – 2005, с. 14;
Bordman, Martha. In the USA. – Titul, Obninsk, Chancerel, London, 2000;
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. – CUP, Cambridge, 1995;
Kral, Thomas. Discover America. An Integrated Skills Text for Intermediate/Advanced Students of English as a Foreign Language. – USIA, Washington, D.C., 1996;
Heyck, Denis Lynn Daly. (1994). NY: Routledge;
Steinbeck, John. America and Americans, - from Americans at First Glance, Viking Penguin Inc., 1966;
Commager, Henry Steele. The Nineteenth-Century American. –from The American History: How the Past Helps Explain the Present and Future, 70-79;
Todd Vidamour ‘A Look at Hispanic Heritage in the United States of America’ – Presentation, U.S. Department of State/Georgetown University; U.S. Embassy, Moscow; Novosibirsk State Technical University, 2010;
httphttp://http://wwwhttp://www.http://www.eslprintableshttp://www.eslprintables.http://www.eslprintables.comhttp://www.eslprintables.com/http://www.eslprintables.com/downloadhttp://www.eslprintables.com/download.http://www.eslprintables.com/download.asphttp://www.eslprintables.com/download.asp?http://www.eslprintables.com/download.asp?idhttp://www.eslprintables.com/download.asp?id=359572 Раздаточный материал по теме.
 

a ticket, a novel.
SIGN. A visual language used chiefly

by the deaf.
GRAPHOLOGY. The writing system of a language.
PHONOLOGY. The pronunciation system of a language.
LEXICON. The vocabulary of a language.
GRAMMAR. The system of rules governing the construction of sentences.

out of differences in the memory, personality, intelligence, and

social background of English speakers.

TEMPORAL VARIATION: long term (Old, Middle, and Elizabethan English) and short term (changes within the history of a single person).

by the social classes and roles, occupations, sex, age,

ethnic groups, and education of language speakers.

REGIONAL VARIATIONS imply intranational and international regional varieties.

in Britain developed into Old English.
Old English did

not sound or look like English today. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
Old English actively engaged with the Scandinavian languages. Latinisms appeared in the English lexicon as a result of the spread of Christianity in England. In the 8th -9th centuries there was a transition to the Latin alphabet.

England. The Normans brought with them French, which became

the language of the Royal Court.
For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.
In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. But the English Grammar has developed independently.
The London dialect, the country’s official language and the basis of modern literary English, was formed in the 15th century .