Презентация на тему Etymology of the English word - stock

to the original English word stock, as known from

the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period.
A borrowed word (a borrowing, or a loan word) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

(IE)
Words of common Germanic origin
English words proper

mother, brother, son, daughter
Parts of the human body: foot,

nose, lip, heart, tooth
Animals and plants: cow, swine, goose, tree, birch, corn
The most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone
Adjectives: hard, quick, slow, red, white, new
Numerals from 1 to 100: one, two, twenty, eighty
Pronouns – personal, except they (Sc.): I, you, he; demonstrative : that; interrogative: who
Some of the most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit, stand

the human body: head, arm, finger
Periods of time: summer,

winter, time, week
Natural phenomena: storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth
Artefacts and materials: bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth
Animals, plants and birds: sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass
Adjectives denoting colours, size and other properties: broad, dead, deaf, deep, grey, blue
Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, make, give

B.C.),
The introduction of Christianity (7th c. A.D.),
The

Danish conquests (11th – 13th c. A.D.),
The Norman conquest (1066 A.D.),
The Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.),
Direct linguistic contacts and political, economical and cultural relationship with other nations.

A. D.
Latin:
1st layer: 1st c. B. C.
2nd layer: 7th c. A. D. (the introduction

of Christianity)
3rd layer: 14th – 16th c. (the Renaissance period)
Scandinavian: 8th – 11th c. A. D.
French:
Norman borrowings: 11th – 13th A. D.
Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance period
Greek: the Renaissance period
Italian: the Renaissance period and later
Spanish: the Renaissance period and later
Russian: the Renaissance period and later
German, Indian and other languages

Ux (Celtic “river”, “water”); London (Llyn “river”+ dun “a

fortified hill”) - “a fortress on the hill over the river”
cradle, cross, iron, flannel, tweed, lake (C. loch)

things connected with war, trade, building and domestic life:

pound, inch, cup, kitchen, pepper, butter, cheese, milk, wine, cherry

of England (7th c. A.D.)
persons, objects and ideas

associated with church and religious rituals: priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, temple, angel
words connected with learning: grammar, school, scholar, decline, master, magister

16th c. A.D.)
abstract words: major, minor, filial, moderate,

intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create.

take, cast, die, want
Nouns: law, egg, husband (Sc. hūs

+ bōndi “inhabitant of the house”), window (Sc. vindauga “the eye of the wind”)
Adjectives: ill, loose, low, weak
Pronouns and pronominal forms: they, their, them, same, both, though.

“village, town”);
Zinthorp, Altharp (-thorp: Sc. “village”);
Eastoft, Nortoft (-toft:

Sc. “a plot of land covered with grass”);
Troutbeck (-beck: Sc. “brook”);
Inverness (-ness: Sc. “cape”);
Applethwait, Crossthwait (-thwait: Sc. “forest glade”)

administration: state, country, government, parliament, prince, baron
Legal terms: court,

judge, justice, crime, prison, jury
Religious terms: saint, sermon (проповедь), prayer, parish (приход), chapel
Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil
Artistic and literary terms: image, character, figure, volume, design
Terms of everyday life: chair, table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, breakfast

police, machine, ballet, matinée, scene, technique, bourgeois, etc.

A.D.)
Italian: piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel
Spanish: potato, tomato, cargo,

banana, cocoa.
Greek: direct (e.g. atom, cycle, ethics, esthete), or through Latin (datum, status, phenomenon, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music).

algorithm, fakir, giraffe, sultan
Turkish: yogurt, kiosk, tulip
Persian: caravan, shawl,

bazaar, sherbet
Eskimo: kayak, igloo, anorak
Amerindian languages: toboggan, wigwam, opossum
Russian: bistro, tsar, balalaika, tundra, sputnik

is borrowed
Borrowings proper
Translation borrowings (translation loans)
Semantic borrowings

is borrowed
Translation borrowings (translation loans) are words and expressions

formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal morpheme-for-morpheme translation.
E. g. masterpiece < Germ. Meisterstück; Wonder child < Germ. Wunderkind; wall newspaper < Rus. стенная газета; collective farm < Rus. колхоз.

is borrowed
Semantic borrowing is understood as the development in

an English word of a new meaning under the influence of a related word in another language.
E. g. Eng. pioneer ‘explorer’, ‘one who is among the first in new fields of activity’:: Rus. пионер ‘a member of the Young Pioneers’ Organization’.
reaction, deviation, bureau

several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive

borrowings from one ultimate source” (I. A. Arnold, p. 260).