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Презентация на тему Non-discrete effects in language

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The problemWe tend to think about language as a system of discrete elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences)But this view does not survive an encounter with reality
Non-discrete  	effects	in language,   			or the Critique  				of Pure The problemWe tend to think about language as a system of discrete Simple example:  morpheme fusionдетский	det-sk-ij ‘children’s, childish’	Root-Suffix-Ending	[deckij]	  suffix	deck-ij  root Similar exampes abound on all lingustic levelsPhonemes: coarticulationcat	keep	  coolWords: cliticsiz mašiny ParadigmaticsThe same problem applies to paradigmatic boundaries, that is boundaries between classes, SemanticsX said smth (Zaliznjak 2006: 186)‘X uttered a sequence of sounds’‘X meant Diachronic changeRussian писать pisat’ ‘write’Funny slangish use:popisal nozhom ‘cut/slashed someone with a Language contactThe Baltic language Prussian, spoken in this area until the 16th Intermediate conclusionLanguage simultaneouslylongs for discrete, segmented structuretries to avoid itNon-discrete effects permeate Possible reactions“Digital” linguistics (de Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky...):More inclusive (“analog”) linguistics:  often Cognitive scienceRosch: prototype theoryLakoff: radial categoriesA is the prototypical phoneme/word/clause/ meaning...B, C, My main suggestionIn the case of language we see the structure that Various kinds of structures▐focal point 1focal point 2			   discrete structure▐continuous structurefocal structure1212 Still more realistic: amoeba structure Examples▐focal point 1focal point 2det						sksaid						told*pis-						pis-Prussian					GermanSyntagm.Paradigm.Diachr.Lg.contactetc., etc. Peripheral status of non-discrete phenomenaWhere does it stem from?Objective properties of language?I Kant’s puzzleThe role of observer, or cognizer, crucially  affects the knowledge Recapitulation:  A paradoxical state of affairsScience is based on categorization (Aristotelian, What to do?We need to develop a more embracing linguistics and cognitive 1. Start with prosodyProsody is the aspect of sound code  that 2. Explore gesticulationIn addition to sound code, there is a visual code: 3. Employ mathematics appropriate for the “cognitive matter”Methodological point1960s: a fashion of ConclusionJust as we invoke scientific thinking, we tend to immediately turn to The reason why this talk was so philosophical must be due to
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 The problem
We tend to think about language as

The problemWe tend to think about language as a system of

a system of discrete elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences)
But

this view does not survive an encounter with reality

Слайд 3 Simple example: morpheme fusion
детский
det-sk-ij ‘children’s, childish’
Root-Suffix-Ending
[deckij]
suffix
deck-ij

Simple example: morpheme fusionдетский	det-sk-ij ‘children’s, childish’	Root-Suffix-Ending	[deckij]	 suffix	deck-ij root

root



Слайд 4 Similar exampes abound on all lingustic levels
Phonemes: coarticulation
cat keep

Similar exampes abound on all lingustic levelsPhonemes: coarticulationcat	keep	 coolWords: cliticsiz mašiny

cool
Words: clitics
iz mašiny ‘from the car’
iz ... mašiny

‘from ... the car’
iz taksi [is taksi] ‘from the taxi’
Clauses: parcellation
I’ll come, in a minute
These are primarily syntagmatic examples: non-discrete boundaries between linearly arranged units


Слайд 5 Paradigmatics
The same problem applies to paradigmatic boundaries, that

ParadigmaticsThe same problem applies to paradigmatic boundaries, that is boundaries between

is boundaries between classes, types, or categories in an

inventory
Questionable phonemes
Russian жюри žjuri ‘jury’
[ž’ur’i]
even though supposedly there is no palatalized [ž’] in Russian (in this position)
Questionable words and clauses
I want [to go]
particle infinitival clause
I wan[na go] ??

cf. жури žuri ‘rebuke’


Слайд 6 Semantics
X said smth (Zaliznjak 2006: 186)
‘X uttered a

SemanticsX said smth (Zaliznjak 2006: 186)‘X uttered a sequence of sounds’‘X

sequence of sounds’
‘X meant smth’
‘X expressed his belief in

smth’
‘X wanted Y to know smth’
‘X wanted Y to perform smth’
.................
Some of these meanings are shared by X told smth, but some are not

Слайд 7 Diachronic change
Russian писать pisat’ ‘write’
Funny slangish use:
popisal nozhom

Diachronic changeRussian писать pisat’ ‘write’Funny slangish use:popisal nozhom ‘cut/slashed someone with

‘cut/slashed someone with a knife’, lit. ‘wrote with a

knife’
One of the Indo-European etymologies of the root pis- is ‘create image by cutting’
Apparently the ancient meaning of the root, several millennia old, is still present in a marginal usage of the modern verb

Слайд 8 Language contact
The Baltic language Prussian, spoken in this

Language contactThe Baltic language Prussian, spoken in this area until the

area until the 16th – 17th century
Vladimir N. Toporov
In

the existing texts Prussian syntax is almost fully copied from German (Luther’s Catechism)
In the 18th century, when Prussian was extinct, German-speaking peasants of the area used many Prussian words

Слайд 9 Intermediate conclusion
Language simultaneously
longs for discrete, segmented structure
tries to

Intermediate conclusionLanguage simultaneouslylongs for discrete, segmented structuretries to avoid itNon-discrete effects

avoid it
Non-discrete effects permeate every single aspect of language
This

problem is in the core of theoretical debates about language

Слайд 10 Possible reactions
“Digital” linguistics (de Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky...):

More inclusive

Possible reactions“Digital” linguistics (de Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky...):More inclusive (“analog”) linguistics: often

(“analog”) linguistics: often a mere statement of continuous boundaries

and countless intermediate/borderline cases

ignore non-discrete phenomena or dismiss them as minor
Ferdinand de Saussure:
language only consists
of identities and differences


the discreteness delusion


a bit too simple-minded


appeal of scientific rigor but extreme reductionism


Слайд 11 Cognitive science
Rosch: prototype theory
Lakoff: radial categories
A is the

Cognitive scienceRosch: prototype theoryLakoff: radial categoriesA is the prototypical phoneme/word/clause/ meaning...B,

prototypical phoneme/word/clause/ meaning...
B, C, and D are less prototypical

representatives

We still need a theory for:
boundaries between related categories
boundaries in the syntagmatic structure


Слайд 12 My main suggestion
In the case of language we

My main suggestionIn the case of language we see the structure

see the structure that combines the properties of discrete

and non-discrete: focal structure
Focal phenomena are simultaneously distinct and related
Focal structure is a special kind of structure found in linguistic phenomena, alternative to the discrete structure
It is the hallmark of linguistic and, possibly, cognitive phenomena, in constrast to simpler kinds of matter


Слайд 13 Various kinds of structures











focal point 1
focal point 2

Various kinds of structures▐focal point 1focal point 2			  discrete structure▐continuous structurefocal structure1212

discrete structure



continuous structure
focal structure
1
2
1
2


Слайд 14 Still more realistic: amoeba structure

Still more realistic: amoeba structure

Слайд 15 Examples











focal point 1
focal point 2
det sk
said told
*pis- pis-
Prussian German
Syntagm.
Paradigm.
Diachr.
Lg.contact
etc., etc.

Examples▐focal point 1focal point 2det						sksaid						told*pis-						pis-Prussian					GermanSyntagm.Paradigm.Diachr.Lg.contactetc., etc.

Слайд 16 Peripheral status of non-discrete phenomena
Where does it stem

Peripheral status of non-discrete phenomenaWhere does it stem from?Objective properties of

from?
Objective properties of language?
I don’t think so
Or, perhaps, properties

of the observing human mind?
This directly relates to one of the key issues in The Critique of Pure Reason


Слайд 17 Kant’s puzzle
The role of observer, or cognizer, crucially

Kant’s puzzleThe role of observer, or cognizer, crucially affects the knowledge

affects the knowledge of the world
“The schematicism by which

our understanding deals with the phenomenal world ... is a skill so deeply hidden in the human soul that we shall hardly guess the secret trick that Nature here employs.”
NB: Standards of scientific thought have developed on the basis of physical, rather than cognitive, reality
Physical reality is much more prone to the discrete approach
Compared to physical world, in the case of language and other cognitive processes Kant’s problem is much more acute
because mind here functions both as an observer and an object of observation, so making the distinction between the two is difficult


Слайд 18 Recapitulation: A paradoxical state of affairs
Science is based

Recapitulation: A paradoxical state of affairsScience is based on categorization (Aristotelian,

on categorization (Aristotelian, “rationality”, “left-hemispheric”, etc.)
The scientific approach is

inherently biased to noticing only the fitting phenomena
It is like eyeglasses filtering out a part of reality
Addressing another part of it is perceived as pseudo-science, or quasi-science at best
Language is unknowable, a Ding an sich?

Слайд 19 What to do?
We need to develop a more

What to do?We need to develop a more embracing linguistics and

embracing linguistics and cognitive science that address non-discrete phenomena:
not

as exceptions or periphery of language and cognition
but rather as their core
Can we outwit our mind?
Several avenues towards this goal


Слайд 20 1. Start with prosody
Prosody is the aspect of

1. Start with prosodyProsody is the aspect of sound code that

sound code that is obviously non-discrete
Example: Sandro V. Kodzasov’s

analysis of formal quantity iconically depicting mental quantity
It was lo-ong ago. Oh, tha-at’s the reason.
He just left. That’s clear.
Develop new approaches on the basis of prosody, then apply them to traditional, “segmental” language

Слайд 21 2. Explore gesticulation
In addition to sound code, there

2. Explore gesticulationIn addition to sound code, there is a visual

is a visual code: gesticulation and generally “body language”
Michael

Tomasello: in order to “understand how humans communicate with one another using a language <…> we must first understand how humans communicate with one another using natural gestures”

Когда он ехал по дорóге, он поравнялся с дéвочкой,


(From the materials of Julia Nikolaeva)

Simultaneously: iconic gestures and pointing gestures



Слайд 22 3. Employ mathematics appropriate for the “cognitive matter”
Methodological

3. Employ mathematics appropriate for the “cognitive matter”Methodological point1960s: a fashion

point
1960s: a fashion of “mathematical methods” in linguistics
This did

not bring much fruit, primarily because of the non-discreteness effects
Time for another attempt of bringing in more useful kinds of mathematics
Ongoing project: study of non-categorical referential choice
When we mention a person/object, we choose from a set of options, such as a proper name (Kant), a common name (the philosopher), or a reduced form (he)
This choice is not always deterministic: sometimes both Kant and he are appropriate
Probabilistic modelling and machine learning techniques used to simulate human behavior in non-categorical situations

Слайд 23 Conclusion
Just as we invoke scientific thinking, we tend

ConclusionJust as we invoke scientific thinking, we tend to immediately turn

to immediately turn to discrete analysis
This is why discrete

linguistics is so popular, in spite of the omnipresence and obviousness of non-discrete effects
This may be our inherent bias, or a habit developed in natural sciences, or a cultural preference
But in the case of language and other cognitive processes we do see the limits of the traditional discrete approach
It remains an open question if cognitive scientists are able to eventually overcome the strong bias towards “pure reason” and discrete analysis, or language will remain a Ding an sich
But it is worth trying to circumvent this bias and to seriously explore the focal, non-discrete structure that is in the very core of language and cognition

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