Презентация на тему Word Meaning

+ semantikos "significant"
It was introduced into linguistic studies

in 1825 by the classical scholar C. Reisig who set up a new division of grammar (semasiology, etymology and syntax).
He regarded semasiology as a historical discipline that should establish the principles of governing the development of meaning.

an article in which he argued that there ought

to be a science of meaning which he proposed to call semasiology.
In 1897 he published his book which soon spread to other languages and in 1900 after its publication was translated into English under the title: Semantics: Studies in the Science of Meaning.

of meaning by С. К. Ogden and I. A.

Richards published in 1923.
The term semantics was first used to refer to the development and change of meaning. It is originated from Greek word "semantikos" ("significant“).
It is the study of meanings – dealing with the relationship between symbols (words, signs, etc.) and what they refer to ('referents') – and of behavior in reaction to non-verbal symbols and verbal symbols (words).

or referential approach
The relative approach is based on

treating the language as a semiotic system – the theory of relations .
The denotational trend of semantic studies considers a word as a unit possessing its own meaning.

comparison with other signs, its neighbours: meaning can be

studied only through context.
CONTEXT

Extra-linguistic Linguistic

Lexical Grammatical

Mixed

between the word, its meaning and the object in

reality which it denotes.
The basis of the denotational theory is the double nature (ideal and material) of the word.
The material side of the word (symbol), its meaning, and the referent are connected with one another.

of the objective reality in our consciousness.

Concept-notion




Linguistic sign

Referent

The word is a form of a notion's material existence.

(its sound form) and the inner aspect (its meaning).

The lexical meaning of a word is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system.
A word is a language unit, while a notion is a unit of thinking.
A notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and relations.

be nationally limited.
The development of lexical meanings in

any language, as well as the grouping of meanings in the semantic structure of a word, is determined by the whole system of every language.

There are 2 important elements of the meaning:




the

denotational – the realization of the notion (which makes communication possible) and the connotational – the pragmatic communicative value of the word.

denotation

connotation

explicit meaning that makes communication possible.
When we say

that a word denotes something, we mean that it is the name of a thing.
To denote is to serve as a linguistic expression for a concept.
The conceptual content of a word is expressed in its denotative meaning.

word implies in addition to its denotational meaning. It

is the set of associations that a word's use can evoke:
a hovel denotes "a small house" and besides implies that it is a miserable dwelling place, dirty, in bad repair, and, in general, unpleasant to live in.
We call connotation what the word conveys about the speaker's attitude to the social circumstances and the appropriate functional style, about his approval or disapproval of the object spoken, or the degree of intensity.

beat it – to retire, horse – steed),
emotive (dog

– doggie),
evaluative (famous/ well-known – notorious), and
expressive or intensifying (splendid, superb, fantastic, beastly, etc. are used colloquially as terms of exaggeration).
We can also speak of pragmatic connotations, i.e., those of duration, manner, attending circumstances, etc.

place near /in association with other words or phrases.
Childlike

and childish both have the denotation of "like or characteristic of a child". However the two words have their own connotations.
Childlike suggests the favourable qualities considered typical of a child: innocence and trustworthiness.
Childish connotes the unfavourable characteristics of a child: foolishness or immaturity.

to reveal the general and added meanings. The context

is the part of the statement in which the word or passage at issue occurs, that which leads up to and follows a particular expression:
The actress captured perfectly the character's childlike qualities in her performance.
Your childish behaviour is quite annoying in a grown person.

structure (or semantic paradigm) of a word which is

presented by a structure of semes.
A seme is the smallest unit of meaning.
Thus, the meaning of the word giggle includes semes of action, living being and sex, negative evaluation and intensity.