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Burns was born two miles (3 km) south of Ayr in Alloway, South Ayrshire, Scotland, the eldest of the seven children of William Burness (1721–1784) (Robert Burns spelled his surname Burness until 1786), a self-educated tenant farmer from Dunnottar , The Mearns, and Agnes Broun (1732–1820), the daughter of a tenant farmer from Kirkoswald South Ayrshire.
He was born in a house built by his father (now the Burns Cottage Museum), where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burness sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre (280,000 m2) Mount Oliphant farm, southeast of Alloway. Here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution.
His casual love affairs did not endear him to the elders of the local kirk and created for him a reputation for dissoluteness amongst his neighbours. His first child, Elizabeth Paton Burns (1785–1817), was born to his mother's servant, Elizabeth Paton (1760-circa 1799), while he was embarking on a relationship with Jean Armour who bore him twins in 1786. Although Armour's father initially forbade their marriage, they were eventually married in 1788. Armour bore him nine children in total, but only three survived infancy.