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Styles What is the difference b/n general and
academic writing? What makes the writing academic?
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Let’s look at an example Read the essay carefully
and underline the aspects, that in your opinion, make
it academic
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Academic writing/Grammatical range Less functional words (can, would)more lexical
value words (content related) NOMINALIZATION-Transition from verb and adjective phrases
to noun forms (People cutting down the trees in the Amazon causes environmental problems=Deforestation has led to the emergence of environmental problems in the Amazon) Phrasal verbs should be replaced with academic verbs (take out=extract/excavate, to look for-search/investigate/research) Transition to passive voice-the point is more important than the subject or the doer Impersonal reference/generalization (A friend of mine=Many people) Substitution (Many people think that the world is becoming more materialistic=It is widely believed that the world is transitioning to a more materialistic sense of values) Anaphoric (referring to previously mentioned words), cataphoric (referring downward to subsequent words) and exophoric reference (referring to something outside the text)
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Nominalization The country's economy has gone. I estimate bank
interest rates to drop. My estimation is based on the
slowdown of the economy. The Minister has accepted bribes. This has shocked the nation. The minister's acceptance of bribes shocked the nation. Ram insisted I stay back for dinner. I reached home late. I reached home late because of Ram's insistence. Rita recognized the thief. This led her into trouble. Rita's recognition of the thief led her into trouble.
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Answers 1) The rise of the planet's temperature is
a result of global warming. 2) The business report
indicates that sales figures are down 10% on last month, which is worrying. 3) The analysis of data by a team of scientists in the lab was undertaken before writing a report. 4) Mathematics and physics experts have produced a mathematical formula which explains the modern phenomena of network science.
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Why passive? Often in academic writing, we don't want to
focus onwho is doing an action, but on who
is receiving or experiencing the action. The passive voice is thus extremely useful in academic writing because it allows writers to highlight the most important participants or events within sentences by placing them at the beginning of the sentence. Examples
In the following sentences, the passive construction is preferable because you want readers to focus on the result of an action rather than the person doing the action.