Презентация на тему Lecture 2 old english phonology

OE vowel systems.
Qualitative changes within the system of vowels.
Quantitative

changes within the system of vowels.
The system of consonants.
The main processes within the system of consonants.

2005. – С. 75-90.
Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка. –

Л.: Просвещение, 1972. – С. 44-56.
Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1976. – С. 53-67.
Студенець Г.І. Історія англійської мови в таблицях. - К.: КДЛУ, 1998. – Tables 32-39

underwent no changes in OE.
In EPG the stress was

still movable; in LPG it became fixed on the first syllable.
The OE period was characterized by a system of fixed stress. The stress was fixed on the first syllable.
Due to the force of articulation the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent different changes: stressed syllables were pronounced with great distinctness and precision, while unstressed syllables became less distinct and phonetically weakened.

fell on the root morpheme or on the first

syllable. Word stress was fixed: it remained on the same syllable in different grammatical forms of the word and as a rule didn’t shift in word building as well.
e.g. Nom. Sing. scip (ship), ʹhlaford (lord)
Dat. Sing. ʹscipu, ʹhlaforde
Polysyllabic words, especially compounds, may have had 2 stresses (primary and secondary).
e.g. OE boc-hus (a library)
The verbal prefixes were unstressed
e.g. OE misʹfaran (to mislead),
andʹswarian (to answer), the nominal, adjectival prefixes were stressed
e.g. ʹandswaru (an answer).

PG [a] and [a:] were fronted and, in the

process of fronting, split into several sounds. [a] > [æ] in closed syllables; [a] > [o, ã] before a nasal; [a] remained unchanged if it was followed by a back vowel in the next syllable.

assimilative vowel changes
Under the influence of succeeding and

preceding consonants some Early OE monophthongs developed into diphthongs.
If a front vowel stood before a velar consonant there developed a short glide between them, as the organs of speech prepared themselves for the transition from one sound to another.
The glide together with the original monophthong formed a diphthong.

certain consonant clusters.
before clusters l, r, h +

consonant

a (æ) > ea Goth. alls – OE eall
Goth. ahtau – OE eahta
e > eo OHG. derk – OE deorc
OHG. herza – OE heorte
OHG. melcan – OE meolcan

root vowels under the influence of [i], [j]

in the following syllable.

i /y < u Goth. fuljan – OE fyllan, OE mus-mys
e < o Goth. dohtar – OE dehter, OE boc-bec
æ < a Goth. saljan, ān – OE sellan, æniʒ
ie < ea, eo OE eald – OE ieldra, ieldest

vowels under the influence of back vowels in the

following syllable.

i > io OE silufr – siolufr (silver), OE hira -hiora (their)
e > eo OE sifon – siofon, OE hefon - heofon (heaven)
æ > ea OE cæru – cearu (care)

root vowels after the palatal consonants ʒ [g’], c

[k’] and sc [sk’]
e > ie OE ʒefan – ʒiefan (to give),
OE ʒeldan -ʒieldan (to pay)
o > eo OE scort – sceort (short)
a > ea OE scacan – sceacan (to shake)
Goth. scadus – OE sceadu (shade)

vowel
OE*slæhan>*sleahan > slēan (to slay)
OE*sehan>*seahan > sēon (to see)

fricatives (f, θ, s) due to

the loss of nasals
OE *onþar > OE oþer (other)
OE *uns, ʒons, munþ > OE ūs (us), ʒōs (goose), mūþ (mouth)
Loss of [χ] after a vowel OE * mæʒden > mǽden (a maiden)
Lengthening in the final stressed position OE by, swa > OE bý, swā (as)

certain clusters

ld, nd, mb
OE ald, cild, wild, wind – OE āld (old), cīld (child), wīld (wild), wīnd (wind)

Shortening before other clusters
OE wīfmann (wife), cēpte (kept) – OE wifmann, cepte

palatalized before a front vowel (sometimes after front vowels)

unless followed by a back vowel. OE cild [kild] > [k’ild] (before a front vowel), OE spræc (speech), but in sprecan (to speak)[k] was followed by a back vowel. The differences between velar and palatal consonants were not reflected in the spelling.

fricatives
(x, f, s) Goth. fimf, uns - OE

fīf (five), ūs (us)
X was lost between vowels
PG *fōhan > *fōan > OE fōn (to catch)
ʒ was lost before the dentals (d, t, n)
OE sæʒde > sæde (said)
X was lost before sonorants
OE hring, hnutu > OE ring, nute (ring, nut)

two stages:
1) The vowel disappears and [r] becomes syllabic;
2)

Eventually the vowel reappears
on the other side of [r]
*hros > hors (horse)
OE þrida > *þrda > þirda (third)
OE rinnan > *rnan > irnan (to run)

velar) into affricates and sibilants: g′, k′, sk′ change

correspondingly into dʒ, tʃ, ʃ bryʒʒe – bridge, cild – child, scirt – shirt.

Long consonants in the final position became short – hence the process of Shortening: mann – man (but manna)