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Презентация на тему Problems for discussion

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Problems for discussionHandling equivalent forms and structuresHandling equivalent-lacking forms and structuresHandling modal formsKey words:Correspondence, grammatical forms, syntactic order, permanent grammatical equivalent, grammatical transformations, similarity/dissimilarity, a lack of equivalence.
GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATIONLectures 6-7 Problems for discussionHandling equivalent forms and structuresHandling equivalent-lacking forms and structuresHandling modal HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES Every word in the text is used HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThey reveal the semantic relationships between the words, HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThough the bulk of the information in the HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESEquivalence in translation can be best achieved if The principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:- HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESNB There are no permanent grammatical equivalents and HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe English infinitive has perfect forms, (active and HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES'The train seems to arrive at 5. HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA dissimilarity of the English and Russian Infinitives HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESParliament was dissolved, not to meet again for HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA similar difference can be observed if one HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis port can be entered by big ships HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA most common example of dissimilarity between the HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis order of words is often changed in HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThus if the English sentence HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe predominantly fixed word order in the English HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe English grammatical form that has no direct HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAs a rule, English articles are not translated HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThere are some cases, however, when the meaning HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESA passenger was looking for a place to HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe Past Indefinite forms may correspond either to HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe Past Pefect forms!!! - referring to an HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESEnglish syntactical (infinitival, participial or gerundial) complexes have HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAbsolute Participle constructions1-st. An Absolute construction must be HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe phrase HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThen the translator should consider the pros and HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESUsing a clause involves the identification of the HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis can be avoided by using an adverbial HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe same sentence can be rendered into Russian HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESSpecific translation problems emerge when the translator has HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESFirst, the translator has to decide what Russian HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESSecond, the translator must be aware that such HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAn error in the translator's judgement will result HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThey laughed merrily.Они весело смеялись.They laughed him out HANDLING MODAL FORMSModality is a semantic category indicating the degree of factuality HANDLING MODAL FORMSThe translator must be able to understand various modal relationships HANDLING MODAL FORMSModal verbs are widely used in English to express various HANDLING MODAL FORMSShe can speak and write English.Она говорит и пишет по-английски.I HANDLING MODAL FORMSThere is no direct correspondence between the English and the HANDLING MODAL FORMSMost English modal verbs are polysemantic. So HANDLING MODAL FORMSYou must go there at once.Вы должны тотчас же пойти HANDLING MODAL FORMSBut when a modal verb is used with a Perfect HANDLING MODAL FORMSHe must have told her about it yesterday.Должно быть, он HANDLING MODAL FORMSSpecial attention should be given to the form HANDLING MODAL FORMSI might have spoken too strongly. Возможно, я был слишком HANDLING MODAL FORMSAmong other means of expressing modality mention should be made HANDLING MODAL FORMSThey may all express various shades of modal relationships. For HANDLING MODAL FORMSSome of the modal adverbs ( HANDLING MODAL FORMSThe English mood forms give relatively little trouble to the HANDLING MODAL FORMSIt is important that everyone should do his duty. Важно, HANDLING MODAL FORMSDo not forget that while the English language has practically HANDLING MODAL FORMSAfter us the deluge.После нас хоть потоп.Не was in wild Causes of Grammatical transformationsCauses: Grammatical transformations are motivated by the difference in Grammatical transformationsGrammatical transformations are those of grammatical phenomena, constructions, word combinations in Grammatical transformationsAbsence of grammatical equivalent in TL for corresponded phenomena in SL.Differences Grammatical transformationse.g. They say- говорят you see- понимаешь Grammatical transformationsTransposition;Replacement;Addition;Omission;Sentence fragmentation: - Inner fragmentation; - Outer fragmentation;Sentence integration. Using grammatical transformationsFactors that depend on using grammatical transformations:syntactic function of the Grammatical transformationsTransposition- is a change in the order of the target sentence Grammatical transformationsIt is performed usually due to the difference in the thematic-rhematic Grammatical transformationse.g. The flight will be boarding at Gate 17 in about Grammatical transformationsReplacement- is any change in the target text at the morphological, Grammatical transformationse.g. He used to come to Italy each spring. Grammatical transformationsAddition- is a device intended for the compensation of structural elements Grammatical transformationse.g. The policeman waved me on.Полицейский помахал мне рукой, показывая, что я могу проезжать Grammatical transformationsSometimes semantic units available or implied in the deep structure drop Grammatical transformationsE.g. oil countries – страны-производители нефти, wages demand Grammatical transformationsOmission- is reduction of the elements of the source text considered Grammatical transformationsWe also omit words that are not necessary for understanding or Grammatical transformationsE.g. regular and normal session – обычная сессия; with the Advice Grammatical transformationsSentence integration- implies combining two or more source sentences into the Grammatical transformationsSentence fragmentation- is either replacing in translation of the source sentence Grammatical transformationse.g. Come along and see me play one evening. Grammatical transformationsInner fragmentation- is a conversion of a simple sentence into a Grammatical transformationsOuter fragmentation- is a division of a sentence in two or more sentences. Grammatical transformationse.g. There was a real game too, not a party game Seminar: Definitions of all grammatical transformations. (In writing)N.Petrenko Pp. Seminar 1 -
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Problems for discussion
Handling equivalent forms and structures
Handling equivalent-lacking

Problems for discussionHandling equivalent forms and structuresHandling equivalent-lacking forms and structuresHandling

forms and structures
Handling modal forms
Key words:
Correspondence, grammatical forms, syntactic

order, permanent grammatical equivalent, grammatical transformations, similarity/dissimilarity, a lack of equivalence.

Слайд 3 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Every word in

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES Every word in the text is

the text is used in a particular grammatical form

and all the words are arranged in sentences in a particular syntactic order.
Grammaticality is an important feature of speech units.
Grammatical forms and structures, except for providing the correct arrangement of words in the text, also convey some information which is part of its total contents.

Слайд 4 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
They reveal the semantic

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThey reveal the semantic relationships between the

relationships between the words, clauses and sentences in the

text, they can make prominent some part of the contents that is of particular significance for the communicants.
The syntactic structuring of the text is an important characteristics identifying either the genre of the text or its author's style.

Слайд 5 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Though the bulk of

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThough the bulk of the information in

the information in the original text is conveyed by

its lexical elements, the semantic role of grammatical forms and structures should not be overlooked by the translator.
The importance of the grammatical aspects of the source text is often reflected in the choice of the parallel forms and structures in TL.

Слайд 6 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Equivalence in translation can

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESEquivalence in translation can be best achieved

be best achieved if the translator does not try

to mirror the grammatical forms in the source text.


Слайд 7
The principal types of grammatical correspondences between two

The principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as

languages are as follows:
- complete correspondence;
- partial correspondence;
- the

absence of correspondence.

Слайд 8 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
NB There are no

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESNB There are no permanent grammatical equivalents

permanent grammatical equivalents and the translator can choose between

the parallel forms and various grammatical transformations.
There is no absolute identity between the meaning and usage of the parallel forms in SL and TL.
F.e., both English and Russian verbs have their infinitive forms (but - a number of formal and functional differences).

Слайд 9 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The English infinitive has

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe English infinitive has perfect forms, (active

perfect forms, (active and passive), indefinite and continuous, which

are absent in the respective grammatical category in Russian.
The idea of priority or non-performed action expressed by the Perfect Infinitive is not present in the meaning of the Russian Infinitive and has to be rendered in translation by some other means.

Слайд 10 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
'The train seems to

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES'The train seems to arrive at 5.

arrive at 5."
- Поезд, видимо, приходит в 5.


and
'The train seems to have arrived at 5."
- Поезд, видимо, пришел в 5.

Слайд 11 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A dissimilarity of the

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA dissimilarity of the English and Russian

English and Russian Infinitives can be also found in

the functions they perform in the sentence.
(for example, the Continuative Infinitive which in English denotes an action following that indicated by the Predicate):

Слайд 12 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Parliament was dissolved, not

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESParliament was dissolved, not to meet again

to meet again for eleven years.
Парламент был распущен

и не созывался в течение 11 лет.
Не came home to find his wife gone.
Он вернулся домой и обнаружил, что жена ушла.

Слайд 13 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A similar difference can

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA similar difference can be observed if

be observed if one compares the finite forms of

the verb in English and in Russian.
The English and the Russian verbs both have active and passive forms, but in English the passive forms are more numerous and are more often used.
As a result, the meaning of the passive verb in the source text is often rendered by an active verb in the translation:

Слайд 14 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This port can be

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis port can be entered by big

entered by big ships only during the tide.
Большие

корабли могут заходить в этот порт только во время прилива.
(The sentence can certainly be translated in some other way, e.g.
Этот порт доступен для больших кораблей только во время прилива.)

Слайд 15 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A most common example

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESA most common example of dissimilarity between

of dissimilarity between the parallel syntactic devices in the

two languages is the role of the word order in English and in Russian/Ukrainian.
Both languages use a "direct" and an "inverted" word order.
But the English word order obeys, in most cases, the established rule of sequence: the predicate is preceded by the subject and followed by the object.

Слайд 16 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This order of words

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis order of words is often changed

is often changed in the Russian/Ukrainian translation since in

Russian/Ukrainian the word order is used to show the communicative load of different parts of the sentence, the elements conveying new information (the rheme) leaning towards the end of non-emphatic sentences.

Слайд 17 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Thus if the English

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThus if the English sentence

sentence
"My son entered the room"
is intended to

inform us who entered the room, its Russian/Ukrainian equivalent will be
«В комнату вошел мой сын / До кімнати увійшов мій син»
but in case its purpose is to tell us what my son did, the word order will be preserved:
«Мой сын вошел в комнату/ Мій син увійшов до кімнати».

Слайд 18 HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The predominantly fixed word

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe predominantly fixed word order in the

order in the English sentence means that each case

of its inversion makes the object carry a great communicative load.
This emphasis cannot be reproduced in translation by such a common device as the inverted word order in the Russian sentence and the translator has to use some additional words to express the same idea:
Money he had none.
Денег у него не было ни гроша.

Слайд 19 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The English grammatical form

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe English grammatical form that has no

that has no direct equivalent in Russian/Ukrainian may be

a part of speech, a category within a part of speech or a syntactical structure.
The article is part of the English grammar and is absent in Russian and Ukrainian.

Слайд 20 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
As a rule, English

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAs a rule, English articles are not

articles are not translated into Russian and Ukrainian for

their meaning is expressed by various contextual elements and needn't be reproduced separately.
Translating the phrase "the man who gave me the book" with the Russian «человек, который дал мне книгу» the translator needn't worry about the definite article since the situation is definite enough due to the presence of the limiting attributive clause.

Слайд 21 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
There are some cases,

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThere are some cases, however, when the

however, when the meaning of the article has an

important role to play in the communication and should by all means be reproduced in TT.

Слайд 22 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A passenger was looking

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESA passenger was looking for a place

for a place to put his bag. –Какой-то пассажир

искал место, куда поставить сумку.
I have found a fellow student who agreed to help me. –Я нашел одного сокурсника, который согласился помочь.
A Mr. Brown has left a message for you. – Вам оставил сообщение некий (какой-то) г-н Браун.

Слайд 23 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The Past Indefinite forms

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe Past Indefinite forms may correspond either

may correspond either to the perfective or to the

imperfective Russian forms and the choice is largely prompted by the context.
After supper he usually smoked in the garden.
После ужина он обычно курил в саду.
After supper he smoked a cigarette in the garden and went to bed.
После ужина он выкурил в саду сигарету и пошел спать.

Слайд 24 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The Past Pefect forms!!!

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe Past Pefect forms!!! - referring to

- referring to an action prior to some other

action or a past moment.
I hoped he had read that book.
(а) Я надеялся, что он читал эту книгу, (б) Я надеялся, что он (уже) прочитал эту книгу.
And, again, the broader context will enable the translator to make the correct choice.

Слайд 25 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
English syntactical (infinitival, participial

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESEnglish syntactical (infinitival, participial or gerundial) complexes

or gerundial) complexes have no parallels in Russian and

Ukrainian.
Translating sentences with such complexes always involves some kind of restructuring.

Слайд 26 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Absolute Participle constructions
1-st. An

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAbsolute Participle constructions1-st. An Absolute construction must

Absolute construction must be correctly identified by the translator.


The identification problem is particularly complicated in the case of the "with"-structures which may coincide in form with the simple prepositional groups.

Слайд 27 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The phrase "How can

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe phrase

you play with your brother lying sick in bed"

can be understood in two different ways: as an Absolute construction and then its Russian equivalent will be «Как тебе не стыдно играть, когда твой брат лежит больной (в постели)» or as a prepositional group which should be translated as «Как тебе не стыдно играть с твоим больным братом».

Слайд 28 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Then the translator should

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThen the translator should consider the pros

consider the pros and cons of the possible translation

equivalents.
The meaning of the Absolute Participle construction can be rendered into Russian with the help of a clause, an adverbial participle (деепричастие) or a separate sentence.

Слайд 29 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Using a clause involves

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESUsing a clause involves the identification of

the identification of the specific adverbial function of the

construction:
"Business disposed of, we went for a walk."
- Когда (так как) с делом было покончено, мы отправились погулять.

Слайд 30 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This can be avoided

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThis can be avoided by using an

by using an adverbial participle, but then care should

be taken to refer it to the subject: Покончив с делом, мы отправились погулять.
(Dangling participles are common in English but are usually not used in literary Russian.
"But coming from West Indies, his chances were very slim"
and «Подъезжая к станции, у меня слетела шляпа».)

Слайд 31 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The same sentence can

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThe same sentence can be rendered into

be rendered into Russian by two separate sentences: Работа

была закончена. Мы отправились погулять.
This method is not infrequently used by the translators, whenever it suits the style of the narration.

Слайд 32 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Specific translation problems emerge

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESSpecific translation problems emerge when the translator

when the translator has to handle a syntactical complex

with a causative meaning introduced by the verb 'to have" or "to get", such as:
"I shall have him do it" or "I shall have him punished".

Слайд 33 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
First, the translator has

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESFirst, the translator has to decide what

to decide what Russian causative verb should be used

as a substitute for the English "have" or "get".
Depending on the respective status of the persons involved, the phrase
"I shall have him do it" may be rendered into Russian as «Я заставлю его (прикажу ему, велю ему, попрошу его и т.п.) сделать это» or even «Я добьюсь (позабочусь о том, устрою так и т.п.), чтобы он это сделал».

Слайд 34 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Second, the translator must

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESSecond, the translator must be aware that

be aware that such complexes are polysemantic and may

be either causative or non-causative.
The phrase “The general had his horse killed" may refer to two different situations.
Either the horse was killed by the general's order
(Генерал приказал убить свою лошадь)
or he was killed in combat and the general was not the initiator of the act but the sufferer
(Под ним убили лошадь).

Слайд 35 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
An error in the

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESAn error in the translator's judgement will

translator's judgement will result in a distorted translation variant.
Many

equivalent-lacking structures result from a non-causative verb used in the typical causative complex.
Preserving its basic meaning the verb acquires an additional causative sense.

Слайд 36 HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
They laughed merrily.
Они весело

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURESThey laughed merrily.Они весело смеялись.They laughed him

смеялись.
They laughed him out of the room.
Они так смеялись

над ним, что он убежал из комнаты.
In such cases the translator has to choose among different ways of expressing causative relationships in TL.

Слайд 37 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Modality is a semantic category indicating

HANDLING MODAL FORMSModality is a semantic category indicating the degree of

the degree of factuality that the speaker ascribes to

his message.
A message can be presented by its author as a statement of facts, a request or an order, or something that is obligatory, possible or probable but not an established fact.
Modal relationships make up an important part of the information conveyed in the message.

Слайд 38 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
The translator must be able to

HANDLING MODAL FORMSThe translator must be able to understand various modal

understand various modal relationships expressed by different means in

SL and to choose the appropriate means in TL.
English makes use of three main types of language units to express modal relationships: modal verbs, modal words and word groups, and mood forms.

Слайд 39 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Modal verbs are widely used in

HANDLING MODAL FORMSModal verbs are widely used in English to express

English to express various kinds of modality.
The translator

should be aware of the fact that an English modal verb can be found in some phrases the Russian equivalents of which have no particular modal forms.

Слайд 40 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
She can speak and write English.
Она

HANDLING MODAL FORMSShe can speak and write English.Она говорит и пишет

говорит и пишет по-английски.
I can see the English coast

already.
Я уже вижу берег Англии.
Why should you say it?
Почему ты так говоришь?

Слайд 41 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
There is no direct correspondence between

HANDLING MODAL FORMSThere is no direct correspondence between the English and

the English and the Russian modal verbs and the

translator should choose the appropriate word which fits the particular context.

Слайд 42 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Most English modal verbs are polysemantic.

HANDLING MODAL FORMSMost English modal verbs are polysemantic. So


So "must" can express obligation or a high degree

of probability.
"May" implies either probability or moral possibility (permission).
"Can" denotes physical or moral possibility, etc.

Слайд 43 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
You must go there at once.
Вы

HANDLING MODAL FORMSYou must go there at once.Вы должны тотчас же

должны тотчас же пойти туда.
You must be very tired.
Вы,

должно быть, очень устали.
Не may know what has happened.
Может быть, он знает, что произошло.
Не may come in now.
Теперь он может (ему можно) войти.

Слайд 44 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
But when a modal verb is

HANDLING MODAL FORMSBut when a modal verb is used with a

used with a Perfect Infinitive form, it loses, as

a rule, its polysemantic character.
Thus, "must have been" always implies certainty, "may have been", probability, while "can't have been", improbability.
It should also be noted that the Perfect Infinitive may indicate either a prior action (after "must", "may", "cannot") or an action that has not taken place (after "should", "ought to", "could", "to be to").

Слайд 45 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
He must have told her about

HANDLING MODAL FORMSHe must have told her about it yesterday.Должно быть,

it yesterday.
Должно быть, он сказал ей об этом вчера.
Не

should have told her about it yesterday.
Он должен был (ему следовало) сказать ей об этом вчера.

Слайд 46 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Special attention should be given to

HANDLING MODAL FORMSSpecial attention should be given to the form

the form "might have been" where the Perfect Infinitive

can have three different meanings: a prior action, an action that has not taken place and an imaginable action.

Слайд 47 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
I might have spoken too strongly.

HANDLING MODAL FORMSI might have spoken too strongly. Возможно, я был


Возможно, я был слишком резок.
You might have done

it yourself.
Вы могли бы это сделать сами.

Слайд 48 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Among other means of expressing modality

HANDLING MODAL FORMSAmong other means of expressing modality mention should be

mention should be made of parenthetical modal words:
"certainly",

"apparently", "presumably, "allegedly", "surely", "of course", "in fact", "indeed", "reportedly” and the like, as well as similar predicative structures:
"it is reported", "it is presumed", "it is alleged", etc.

Слайд 49 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
They may all express various shades

HANDLING MODAL FORMSThey may all express various shades of modal relationships.

of modal relationships.
For instance, "indeed" may be rendered

as «более того, поистине, фактически» и т.п., "in fact" — «на самом деле, более того, словом» и т.п.,
"above all" - «прежде всего, более всего, главным образом».

Слайд 50 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Some of the modal adverbs ("surely",

HANDLING MODAL FORMSSome of the modal adverbs (

"easily", "happily" and the like) have non-modal homonyms.
What

should he do if she failed him? Surely die of disappointment and despair.
Что с ним будет, если она его обманет? — Несомненно, он умрет от разочарования и отчаяния.
(Неге "surely" is a modal word.)

Слайд 51 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
The English mood forms give relatively

HANDLING MODAL FORMSThe English mood forms give relatively little trouble to

little trouble to the translator since he can, as

a rule, make use of the similar moods in Russian and Ukrainian.
Note should be taken, however, of those forms of the English Subjunctive (the Conjunctive) which are purely structural and express no modal meanings that should be reproduced in translation:

Слайд 52 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
It is important that everyone should

HANDLING MODAL FORMSIt is important that everyone should do his duty.

do his duty.
Важно, чтобы каждый выполнил свой долг.


I suggest that we all should go home.
Я предлагаю всем пойти домой!

Слайд 53 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Do not forget that while the

HANDLING MODAL FORMSDo not forget that while the English language has

English language has practically no modal particles, the Russian

language has.
Whenever necessary, Russian particles (ведь, хоть, мол, де, дескать и др.) should be used to express modality which is expressed in the source text by other means or only implied:

Слайд 54 HANDLING MODAL FORMS
After us the deluge.
После нас хоть

HANDLING MODAL FORMSAfter us the deluge.После нас хоть потоп.Не was in

потоп.
Не was in wild spirits, shouting that you might

dissuade him for twenty-four hours.
Он пришел в неистовство и кричал, что вы можете его разубеждать хоть круглые сутки.

Слайд 55 Causes of Grammatical transformations
Causes: Grammatical transformations are motivated

Causes of Grammatical transformationsCauses: Grammatical transformations are motivated by the difference

by the difference in the grammatical structure of the

two languages.
Grammatical transformations are accounted for one main reason – the divergences in the structure of the two languages.

Слайд 56 Grammatical transformations
Grammatical transformations are those of grammatical phenomena,

Grammatical transformationsGrammatical transformations are those of grammatical phenomena, constructions, word combinations

constructions, word combinations in SL which creates discrepancies discovered

by a translator.
Such discrepancies can take place due to several factors:

Слайд 57 Grammatical transformations
Absence of grammatical equivalent in TL for

Grammatical transformationsAbsence of grammatical equivalent in TL for corresponded phenomena in

corresponded phenomena in SL.
Differences in meaning and usage of

the equivalents.
Syntactical differences.
Word-formation discrepancies.


Слайд 58 Grammatical transformations
e.g. They say- говорят

Grammatical transformationse.g. They say- говорят you see- понимаешь

you see- понимаешь

Слайд 59 Grammatical transformations
Transposition;
Replacement;
Addition;
Omission;
Sentence fragmentation: - Inner fragmentation; - Outer

Grammatical transformationsTransposition;Replacement;Addition;Omission;Sentence fragmentation: - Inner fragmentation; - Outer fragmentation;Sentence integration.

fragmentation;
Sentence integration.

Слайд 60 Using grammatical transformations
Factors that depend on using grammatical

Using grammatical transformationsFactors that depend on using grammatical transformations:syntactic function of

transformations:
syntactic function of the sentence;
structure and lexical coloring;

sense structure;
context of the sentence;
expressive and stylistic function.



Слайд 61 Grammatical transformations
Transposition- is a change in the order

Grammatical transformationsTransposition- is a change in the order of the target

of the target sentence syntactic elements (Subject, Predicate, Object,

etc.) as compared with that of the source sentence dictated either by peculiarities of the target language syntax or by the communication intent.

Слайд 62 Grammatical transformations
It is performed usually due to the

Grammatical transformationsIt is performed usually due to the difference in the

difference in the thematic-rhematic composition of the sentence as

in Russian rheme, as a rule, at the end of the sentence.

Слайд 63 Grammatical transformations
e.g. The flight will be boarding at

Grammatical transformationse.g. The flight will be boarding at Gate 17 in

Gate 17 in about fifteen minutes.

Приблизительно через 15 минут на этот рейс будет посадка у выхода номер 17.


Слайд 64 Grammatical transformations
Replacement- is any change in the target

Grammatical transformationsReplacement- is any change in the target text at the

text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of

the language when the elements of the certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements of target paradigms.

Слайд 65 Grammatical transformations
e.g. He used to come to Italy

Grammatical transformationse.g. He used to come to Italy each spring.

each spring.
Обычно он приезжал в Италию

каждую весну.

Слайд 66 Grammatical transformations
Addition- is a device intended for the

Grammatical transformationsAddition- is a device intended for the compensation of structural

compensation of structural elements implicitly present in the source

text or paradigm forms missing in the target language.

Слайд 67 Grammatical transformations
e.g. The policeman waved me on.
Полицейский помахал

Grammatical transformationse.g. The policeman waved me on.Полицейский помахал мне рукой, показывая, что я могу проезжать

мне рукой, показывая, что я могу проезжать

Слайд 68 Grammatical transformations
Sometimes semantic units available or implied in

Grammatical transformationsSometimes semantic units available or implied in the deep structure

the deep structure drop out when it is transformed

into the surface structure.
These semantic units should be deduced from the deep structure and added in the process of translation.

Слайд 69 Grammatical transformations
E.g. oil countries – страны-производители нефти,

Grammatical transformationsE.g. oil countries – страны-производители нефти, wages demand

wages demand – требование повысить зарплату,


solid engine - двигатель на твердом топливе.

Слайд 70 Grammatical transformations
Omission- is reduction of the elements of

Grammatical transformationsOmission- is reduction of the elements of the source text

the source text considered redundant from the viewpoint of

the target language structural patterns and stylistics.
e.g. Summer rains in Florida may be violent, while they last.
Летом во Флориде бывают сильные дожди.

Слайд 71 Grammatical transformations
We also omit words that are not

Grammatical transformationsWe also omit words that are not necessary for understanding

necessary for understanding or expressing a certain coloring.
One

of the cases or superfluity is the use in English of twin-pair synonyms mostly typical of judicial documents.

Слайд 72 Grammatical transformations
E.g. regular and normal session – обычная

Grammatical transformationsE.g. regular and normal session – обычная сессия; with the

сессия;
with the Advice and Consent of the

Senate – с согласия Сената.

Слайд 73 Grammatical transformations
Sentence integration- implies combining two or more

Grammatical transformationsSentence integration- implies combining two or more source sentences into

source sentences into the target sentence.
e.g. Your presence is

not required. It is not desirable.
Ваше присутствие не требуется и не желательно.

Слайд 74 Grammatical transformations
Sentence fragmentation- is either replacing in translation

Grammatical transformationsSentence fragmentation- is either replacing in translation of the source

of the source sentence by two or more target

ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one.

Слайд 75 Grammatical transformations
e.g. Come along and see me play

Grammatical transformationse.g. Come along and see me play one evening.

one evening.
Приходи как- нибудь вечером-

посмотришь, как я играю.

Слайд 76 Grammatical transformations
Inner fragmentation- is a conversion of a

Grammatical transformationsInner fragmentation- is a conversion of a simple sentence into

simple sentence into a compound or complex one.
e.g. C

развитием промышленности появится много товаров.
When the industry improves we will have a lot of goods.

Слайд 77 Grammatical transformations
Outer fragmentation- is a division of a

Grammatical transformationsOuter fragmentation- is a division of a sentence in two or more sentences.

sentence in two or more sentences.

Слайд 78 Grammatical transformations

e.g. There was a real game too,

Grammatical transformationse.g. There was a real game too, not a party

not a party game played in the old school

hall and invented by my eldest brother Herbert, who was always of an adventurous character until he was changed by the continual and sometimes shameful failures of his adult life.

Была у нас и настоящая, не салонная игра- мы играли в нее в старом актовом зале. Придумал ее наш старший брат Герберт- человек изобретательный и склонный ко всяким авантюрам, пока постоянные и иногда позорные промахи во взрослой жизни не изменили его натуру.
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