Презентация на тему Revolution

state and class structures of society; they are accompanied

and partly produced through class-based revolts from
the bottom (class-based
revolts)

Social revolution

of a dominant class to take advantage of a

revolutionary situation

Reasons
Poor economy
Natural disasters
Food shortage
Security concerns

perspective": the causes of social revolutions lie in structural

changes in the social system of society.
The principle of "international and world-historical context": when analyzing social revolutions, it is necessary to take into account the international, primarily the military-political situation of the country.

The principle of "potential autonomy of the state": the state is an independent force with their own organizational and security structures, own interests, which are not reducible to the interests of any other group or society as a whole. The state confronts not only the rest of society, but also other states on the international arena.

1917
The war showed the superiority of France and Britain

over Russia
Russia began administrative and socio-political reforms
Zemstvos appeared
Municipal dumas appeared
"Emancipation" of serfs in 1861
The number of peasant revolts markedly increased

Russian philosopher about the emancipation of the serfs

steel industry in Russia aren’t developed → Russia gets

foreign loans and exports grain
government expenditures for railroad building and operation; subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists; high protective tariffs for Russian industries; increased export; stable currency; encouragement of foreign investments (S. Witte’s plan) → the pace of industrial development rises to 8% in 1890s ---> not enough

with Japan
November 1904 -- The All-Russian Congress of the

Zemstvos requires a liberal constitutional monarchy
June 1905 -- sailors’ uprising on the battleship Potemkin
October 1905 -- a railway strike --> general strike

Skocpol:


National question
in the second half of 19th century there

were some difficulties concerning the nation question - like Polish rebellions and consequences of Caucasian wars
the cure for this problem process of russification had started in attempt to prevent attempts of emancipation of national republics.
Not everyone wanted to leave their ancestry behind and this caused dissatisfaction between the national minority representatives, some nations can’t forgive this forced russification until now - like Baltic states, Ukraine, Poland, Finland.

Skocpol:


Dissident elites and leaders of the revolution
Skocpol focuses mainly

on the role of state and reasons caused by state, but doesn’t really discuss the “leaders” of the revolution.
in the head of bolshevik movement there were influential leaders - Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, etc. - who were rooting for the revolution and abolishment of monarchy from the very beginning. In addition, there were some important cultural figures praising the revolution (at first, at least) - Futurists, Gumilev, Blok.

Skocpol:


Role of foreign countries in revolution
there are some (very

few) documented proofs of foreign help to bolsheviks as well as there are some facts that imply it - like the sealed railway carriage story
another side of role of foreign countries is the fact that they gave opportunities for the revolutioners to live their, publish agitation materials and send them to Russia, earn money, etc.

Skocpol:


Role of mass-culture in revolution
First protest acts of mass

culture began to appear in Russia in 1820s around the time of Dekabrist rebel and then continued to gain popularity. By the beginning of the 20s century revolutionary tones were all around - from the popular Marseillaise and caricatures in magazines to literature, poetry - Blok’s 12 is a bright example - and even painting - as the new revolutionary avantgarde genres appeared.

Skocpol:


Personal expectations of Russian people
Structural functionalist approach implies focusing

on the people’s not fulfilled expectations - and we can see that 50 years before revolution were full of promises of brighter future: emancipation of serfs, industrial growth, Stolypin's reforms, etc. - but people’s life didn’t really improve and due to constant wars even deprived