ranges were grouped into specific sizes or classes of
address.Each class defined:
A specifically sized network.
Specific address blocks for these networks.
- Главная
- Разное
- Бизнес и предпринимательство
- Образование
- Развлечения
- Государство
- Спорт
- Графика
- Культурология
- Еда и кулинария
- Лингвистика
- Религиоведение
- Черчение
- Физкультура
- ИЗО
- Психология
- Социология
- Английский язык
- Астрономия
- Алгебра
- Биология
- География
- Геометрия
- Детские презентации
- Информатика
- История
- Литература
- Маркетинг
- Математика
- Медицина
- Менеджмент
- Музыка
- МХК
- Немецкий язык
- ОБЖ
- Обществознание
- Окружающий мир
- Педагогика
- Русский язык
- Технология
- Физика
- Философия
- Химия
- Шаблоны, картинки для презентаций
- Экология
- Экономика
- Юриспруденция
Что такое findslide.org?
FindSlide.org - это сайт презентаций, докладов, шаблонов в формате PowerPoint.
Обратная связь
Email: Нажмите что бы посмотреть
Презентация на тему Addressing the Network - IPV4. Part II
Содержание
- 2. Addressing the Network: IPv4Legacy IPv4 Addressing
- 3. Legacy IPv4 AddressingIn the early 1980’s, unicast
- 4. IPv4 Classful AddressingDevices examined the first octet
- 5. IPv4 Classful AddressingIn a classful addressing scheme,
- 6. IPv4 Classful AddressingIn the early 1990s, the
- 7. IPv4 Classful AddressingLet’s quickly review….In order to
- 8. IPv4 Classful AddressingSO:For every IP address range
- 9. IPv4 Classful AddressingOur numbers for the number
- 10. IPv4 Classless AddressingThe system currently in use
- 11. Addressing the Network: IPv4Calculating Addresses
- 12. Calculating AddressesSkills:To work with an IPv4 network:Find
- 13. Calculating Addresses
- 14. The Network NumberA host on a network
- 15. The Network NumberRouters use the network number
- 16. The BroadcastIf a host needs to send
- 17. The Host NumberThe host number is the
- 18. The Subnet MaskSubnet Mask:Let's not forget about
- 19. Classful IP Addressing – Class CClass C:Address
- 20. Classful IP Addressing – Class CWe know
- 21. Classful IP Addressing – Class CBecause the
- 22. Classful IP Addressing – Class BClass B:Address
- 23. Classful IP Addressing – Class BWe know
- 24. Classful IP Addressing – Class BBecause the
- 25. Classful IP Addressing – Class AClass A:Address
- 26. Classful IP Addressing – Class AClass A
- 27. Classful IP Addressing – Class AWe know
- 28. Classful IP Addressing – Class ABecause the
- 29. Classful IP AddressingIP Address: 130.61.22.204 /
- 30. Classful IP AddressingIP Address: 197.101.28.83 /
- 31. Classful IP AddressingIP Address: 64.133.65.101 /
- 32. Addressing the Network: IPv4Basic Subnetting
- 33. IP Address CrisisThe world is running short
- 34. IP Address CrisisThe goal, then, is to
- 35. Why Multiple Segments?If organizations grow significantly, the
- 36. Why Multiple Segments?This company has multiple networks
- 37. Why Multiple Segments?Class B131.15.0.0What happens here?
- 38. Why Multiple Segments?Network numbers MUST be unique.You
- 39. Creating a SubnetTo subnet a network, the
- 40. Creating a SubnetThe borrowed bits become part
- 41. Creating a SubnetThe subnet mask changes to
- 42. Creating a Subnet - The RulesHost bits
- 43. Subnets and Useable Hosts – Class CDefault:
- 44. Subnetting - Class CThis is our network
- 45. Subnetting - Class CLooking at the table,
- 46. Magic NumbersTo make the job of subnetting
- 47. Subnetting - Class CNetwork: 192.168.80.0 Subnet
- 48. Subnetting – Class CResult is 8 subnets
- 49. Subnetting – Class A or Class BThe
- 50. Subnetting - Class BLet's try one.You are
- 51. Subnetting - Class BYou have decided to
- 52. Subnetting - Class BHead Office + 10 Central Offices ---100 to 3,000 users each
- 53. Subnetting – Class BDetermining your magic number
- 54. Subnetting – Class B 172.25.255.255151413121110987654172.25.63.255172.25.48.1 to 172.25.63.254172.25.48.03172.25.47.255172.25.32.1
- 55. Скачать презентацию
- 56. Похожие презентации
Addressing the Network: IPv4Legacy IPv4 Addressing
Слайд 3
Legacy IPv4 Addressing
In the early 1980’s, unicast address
Each class defined:
A specifically sized network.
Specific address blocks for these networks.
Слайд 4
IPv4 Classful Addressing
Devices examined the first octet of
the address and could determine the address range.
The high
order bits never change for each class.Classful Addressing:
192.168.23.2 is in the Class C range
Therefore – 24 network bits and 8 hosts bits.
Слайд 5
IPv4 Classful Addressing
In a classful addressing scheme, these
divisions take place at the octet boundaries.
This may seem
obvious now but is important to remember when we explore how to divide a single network into several smaller subnets (subnetting).
Слайд 6
IPv4 Classful Addressing
In the early 1990s, the subnet
mask was added to IPv4.
The subnet mask allowed networks
to subdivided or subnetted.Each class was assigned a default subnet mask.
Слайд 7
IPv4 Classful Addressing
Let’s quickly review….
In order to function
properly with network devices, every IP network must contain
three types of addresses:Network Address:
All HOST BITS are set to 0.
Host Address: HOST BITS will vary.
Broadcast Address:
All HOST BITS are set to 1.
For a host to communicate directly with another host on the same network, they must have the same network portion.
Слайд 8
IPv4 Classful Addressing
SO:
For every IP address range that
we assign to a network segment, we automatically lose
two addresses….One for the network address (sometimes called the wire address or subnetwork address)
One for the broadcast address for that network.
Слайд 9
IPv4 Classful Addressing
Our numbers for the number of
hosts per network have to change to allow for
the special use of the network number and broadcast addresses.As we will see, the formula (2number_of_bits - 2 or 2n - 2) is an important part of assigning an IP address range to a network segment.
Слайд 10
IPv4 Classless Addressing
The system currently in use is
classless addressing.
Address blocks appropriate to the number of hosts
are assigned to companies or organizations without regard to the class.This is accomplished by subnetting with Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM).
To understand classless addressing, you must first understand classful addressing.
Слайд 12
Calculating Addresses
Skills:
To work with an IPv4 network:
Find the
network address for the host.
Find the broadcast address for
the network. Find what host addresses are available in the network.
Divide a large network into smaller networks.
Слайд 14
The Network Number
A host on a network can
communicate directly with other devices on the same network,
only if all the devices have the same network number and the same subnet mask.
Слайд 15
The Network Number
Routers use the network number to
build their routing tables so it cannot be used
for a host.The IP address that indicates the network number has all 0 bits in the host portion of the IP Address.
Слайд 16
The Broadcast
If a host needs to send a
broadcast, it also uses the network number with all
of the host bits set to 1.A broadcast address is used for that purpose only and cannot be assigned to a host.
Слайд 17
The Host Number
The host number is the portion
of the IP address that uniquely identifies the individual
host on that network.
Слайд 18
The Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask:
Let's not forget about the
subnet mask.
Each class has a default or "natural" subnet
mask based on the default number of bits used for the network and host portion.
Слайд 19
Classful IP Addressing – Class C
Class C:
Address range: 192
- 223
Number of network bits: 24
Number of networks: 2,097,152
Number of host
bits: 8Number of hosts per network:
28 = 256
Number of Useable Hosts per network:
28 - 2 = 254
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 or /24
Слайд 20
Classful IP Addressing – Class C
We know from
the Class C subnet mask (255.255.255.0):
The first 24 bits
are the network number and the
last 8 bits are the host numbers.
Слайд 21
Classful IP Addressing – Class C
Because the host
portion of the subnet mask is all zero's (255.255.255.0), the
remaining host addresses can be used for individual hosts on the network.The number of usable host addresses for the entire network is 28 - 2 = 254
Слайд 22
Classful IP Addressing – Class B
Class B:
Address range: 128
- 191
Number of network bits: 16
Number of networks: 16,384
Number of host
bits: 16Number of hosts per network:
216 = 65,536
Number of Useable Hosts per network:
216 - 2 = 65,534
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 or /16
Слайд 23
Classful IP Addressing – Class B
We know from
the Class B subnet mask (255.255.0.0):
The first 16 bits
are the network number and the
last 16 bits are the host numbers.
Слайд 24
Classful IP Addressing – Class B
Because the host
portion of the subnet mask is all zero's (255.255.0.0), the
remaining host addresses can be used for individual hosts on the network.The number of usable host addresses for the entire network is 216 - 2 = 65,534
Слайд 25
Classful IP Addressing – Class A
Class A:
Address range: 0
- 127
Number of network bits: 8
Number of networks: 126
Number of host
bits: 24Number of hosts per network:
224 = 16,777,216
Number of Useable Hosts per network:
224 - 2 = 16,777,214
Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 or /8
Слайд 26
Classful IP Addressing – Class A
Class A (Usable
Networks):
An address range of 0 –127 is 128 networks.
The actual number of usable networks for Class A is 126.Network 0 is reserved for special use for default routes.
Network 127 is reserved as a loopback network.
The address 127.0.0.1 is automatically available in every device after TCP/IP has been installed.
If you "ping" that address and get a good response, it means that TCP/IP is installed correctly.
Слайд 27
Classful IP Addressing – Class A
We know from
the Class A subnet mask (255.0.0.0):
The first 8 bits
are the network number and the
last 24 bits are the host numbers.
Слайд 28
Classful IP Addressing – Class A
Because the host
portion of the subnet mask is all zero's (255.255.0.0), the
remaining host addresses can be used for individual hosts on the network.The number of usable host addresses for the entire network is 224 - 2 = 16,777,216
Слайд 29
Classful IP Addressing
IP Address: 130.61.22.204 / 16
Network Address is:
Broadcast Address is:
Subnet Mask:
Number of Useable
host addresses:What are they?
Address Class:
B
130.61.0.0
255.255.0.0
130.61.255.255
216 - 2 = 65,534
130.61.0.1 - 130.61.255.254
Слайд 30
Classful IP Addressing
IP Address: 197.101.28.83 / 24
Network Address is:
Broadcast Address is:
Subnet Mask:
Number of Useable
host addresses:What are they?
Address Class:
C
197.101.28.0
255.255.255.0
197.101.28.255
28 - 2 = 254
197.101.28.1 - 197.101.28.254
Слайд 31
Classful IP Addressing
IP Address: 64.133.65.101 / 8
Network Address is:
Broadcast Address is:
Subnet Mask:
Number of Useable
host addresses:What are they?
Address Class:
A
64.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
64.255.255.255
224 - 2 = A Bunch!
64.0.0.1 - 64.255.255.254
Слайд 33
IP Address Crisis
The world is running short of
available IP addresses.
If every organization connected to the Internet
used an entire Class A, B or C address:The number of organizations would be limited and many IP addresses would be wasted.
e.g. An organization with 256 hosts owns a Class B address. 65,000 addresses not used.
Owning an address means that the organization has applied for and received that address range from the IANA.
Слайд 34
IP Address Crisis
The goal, then, is to use
owned addresses (or public addresses) as efficiently as possible
to avoid waste.Subnetting
CIDR
Network Address Translation (NAT).
It is also desirable to avoid waste within the organization when using private IP addressing.
Careful planning of the addressing scheme is key to a successful implementation.
Слайд 35
Why Multiple Segments?
If organizations grow
significantly, the physical
segment and
the
logical network traffic can
quickly become
unmanageable.
Solution? Break the
larger network
into smaller,
more manageable segments.Router: Each segment becomes physically smaller and each must have their own unique, logical, Layer 3 network address.
Слайд 36
Why Multiple Segments?
This company has multiple networks connected
by a router. The network number for each network
must be unique.The company IT headquarters has assigned a Class B address of
131.15.0.0
to use for ALL these networks.
Слайд 38
Why Multiple Segments?
Network numbers MUST be unique.
You should:
Plan
what you need.
Plan for the future.
Make efficient use of
addresses.131.15.1.0
131.15.3.0
131.15.4.0
131.15.5.0
131.15.2.0
131.15.6.0
131.15.7.0
Subnetting
Слайд 39
Creating a Subnet
To subnet a network, the IP
address host portion of the subnet mask is divided
into two parts.Bits are borrowed from the host portion and assigned to the network portion to create a new network address.
The new network address covers a smaller portion of the original network number.
It is a sub-network of the original or a subnet.
Слайд 40
Creating a Subnet
The borrowed bits become part of
the network portion of the IP Address and form
the network number.The remaining host bits become the host portion and are used to identify individual network hosts and create broadcasts for the new subnet.
Слайд 41
Creating a Subnet
The subnet mask changes to reflect
the new network/host bit assignment.
The same subnet mask applies
to ALL networks derived from the subnetting process.Original Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Borrow 8 bits: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
New Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Слайд 42
Creating a Subnet - The Rules
Host bits must
be borrowed in descending order, starting with the left-most
bit position and working to the right.A minimum of two bits must remain for host addresses.
A remaining host mask of all 0's or all 1's cannot be assigned as a host address.
To determine the number of subnets or hosts:
Subnets: 2number_of_borrowed_host_bits
Usable Hosts Per Subnet: 2number_of_remaining_host_bits - 2
Слайд 43
Subnets and Useable Hosts – Class C
Default: 255.255.255.0
- 24 network bits and 8 host bits
Leave at
least 2
Слайд 44
Subnetting - Class C
This is our network and
we
have decided to use
the private Class C
network: 192.168.80.0
We need 4
networks
with addresses for
5 hosts and want to leave room for some future expansion.
Слайд 45
Subnetting - Class C
Looking at the table, we
see
that borrowing 3 bits gives us 8 subnets with 30 useable
hosts on each network.This choice meets the current requirements and leaves room for expansion.
Слайд 46
Magic Numbers
To make the job of subnetting easier,
there
is a method that allows you to calculate a "magic"
number.The magic number we're looking for is the number of addresses in each network, including the network, broadcast and host range.
The calculation 2number_ of_ host_ bits yields the "magic" number.
We have 5 host bits remaining so…..
25 = 32 - our "magic" number.
Слайд 47
Subnetting - Class C
Network: 192.168.80.0 Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.224
Network: 27 bits Host: 5 bits Magic Number:
25 = 32192.168.80.255
192.168.80.225 – 192.168.80.254
192.168.80.224
7
192.168.80.223
192.168.80.193 – 192.168.80.222
192.168.80.192
6
192.168.80.191
192.168.80.161 – 192.168.80.190
192.168.80.160
5
192.168.80.159
192.168.80.129 – 192.168.80.158
192.168.80.128
4
192.168.80.127
192.168.80.97 – 192.168.80.126
192.168.80.96
3
192.168.80.95
192.168.80.65 – 192.168.80.94
192.168.80.64
2
192.168.80.63
192.168.80.33 – 192.168.80.62
192.168.80.32
1
192.168.80.31
192.168.80.1 – 192.168.80.30
192.168.80.0
0
Broadcast Address
Subnet Address
Range
Network
Address
ID
Слайд 48
Subnetting – Class C
Result is 8 subnets with
30 useable hosts each.
Allows the expansion of hosts in
each network and the addition of two more networks without changing our IP Addressing scheme.192.168.80.0/27
192.168.80.32/27
192.168.80.64/27
192.168.80.96/27
Слайд 49
Subnetting – Class A or Class B
The subnetting
process for class A and B networks is the
same. You are simply working with more bits.Determine what is required.
Number of networks and number of hosts per network.
Determine the number of bits to be borrowed.
Determine your magic number.
Subnet to produce the ranges for each subnetwork.
Слайд 50
Subnetting - Class B
Let's try one.
You are the
network administrator for a world-wide organization with 7,500 users.
(Yep – the head IT honcho!)You have 10 world-wide central offices and each of those have their own networks and branch offices. Central and Branch office networks range from 100 to 3,000 users.
You have decided that a Class B network will be sufficient for your needs and you must subnet the network to include yourself and the central offices.
Each central office handles their own network maintenance and it will be up to them to further subnet the network you design.
Слайд 51
Subnetting - Class B
You have decided to use
the Class B private address of
172.25.0.0 / 16
Head Office
Central
01Central 02
Central 03
Central 10
Branch 01
Branch nn
Your objective is to provide enough addresses so that each central office can cover their branches and allow room for future expansion.
Слайд 53
Subnetting – Class B
Determining your magic number –
Class A and B.
The trick here in determining the
magic number is to only work with the remaining host bits up to a total of 8.The rest of the bits will fall in line as host bits.
e.g.
Borrow 4 bits – subnet mask 255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
4 remaining host bits:
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
Magic Number = 24 = 16
Слайд 54
Subnetting – Class B
172.25.255.255
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
172.25.63.255
172.25.48.1 to 172.25.63.254
172.25.48.0
3
172.25.47.255
172.25.32.1 to
