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Презентация на тему Lecture 1. Linguacultural studies as a subject of the curriculum
Содержание
- 2. TERMINOLOGY:LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES - ЛІНГВОКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.NATIONAL STUDIES - КРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.LANGUAGE UNITS - МОВНІ ОДИНИЦІ.BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE — ФОНОВІ ЗНАННЯ.
- 3. LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES - THE STUDY OF A
- 4. NATIONAL STUDIES IS INTERESTED IN THE INFORMATION
- 5. LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES IS THE LINGUISTIC GROUND OF
- 6. LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES DEALS WITH QUITE A RANGE
- 7. "LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS" Speaker A
- 8. "LANGUAGE & GENDER" THE RELATIONSHIP "LANGUAGE &
- 9. SPEECH PATTERNS
- 13. LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES DEALS WITH THE ORIGIN OF
- 14. LINGUISTS CLASSIFY LANGUAGES USING TWO MAIN CLASSIFICATION
- 17. WE MAY CONCLUDE THAT ALL THESE LANGUAGES
- 18. INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY HAS 10 BRANCHES: ANATOLIAN (EXTINCT).BALTO-SLAVONIC.GERMANIC.INDO-IRANIAN.TOCHARIAN (EXTINCT).ARMENIAN.ALBANIAN.ITALIC.CELTIC.GREEK.
- 19. THE GERMANIC GROUP HAS THREE DISTINCT SUB-GROUPS:EAST
- 21. CHINESE IS SPOKEN BY 1,917 MLN PEOPLE,
- 23. ENGLISH IS SPOKEN NOW BY ABOUT 1/3
- 24. ANCIENT BRITAINTHE NOMADIC STONE AGE HUNTERS CROSSED
- 25. SOON AFTER 2000 BC, A NEW RACE
- 26. THE CELTS (CELTIC TRIBES)THERE WERE THREE DISTINCT
- 27. IN THE CELTIC SOCIETY THE TRIBAL FORM
- 28. THE WOMEN IN THE TRIBE HAD THE
- 29. THE DRUIDS— IN PRE-CHRISTIAN SOCIETY FORMED AN
- 30. TO BECOME A DRUID STUDENTS ASSEMBLED IN
- 31. THE DESCENDANTS OF THE ANCIENT CELTS LIVE
- 32. THE WORDS WITH CELTIC ORIGINSEVERAL RIVERS CALLED
- 33. TOWN NAMES INCLUDE DOVER (“WATER”), PENDLE ("PEN"
- 34. THE ROMAN INVASION
- 35. JULIUS CAESAR IN 55 B.C. THE ROMAN
- 36. THE ROMAN EMPEROR CLAUDIUSIN 43 AD A
- 37. «HADRIAN'S WALL» WAS BUILT BY COMMAND OF THE EMPEROR HADRIAN.
- 38. THE CIVILIZED ROMANS BEGAN TO BUILD TOWNS,
- 39. ONE OF THE CHIEF ROADS WAS WATLING
- 40. THE SLAVE-OWNING SYSTEM SLOWED THE DEVELOPMENT OF
- 41. THE WORDS WHICH THE ROMANS LEFT BEHINDALBION
- 42. BRITON — THE NAME GIVEN TO THE
- 43. THE ROMAN TOWNS WERE STRONGLY FORTIFIED AND
- 44. Скачать презентацию
- 45. Похожие презентации
TERMINOLOGY:LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES - ЛІНГВОКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.NATIONAL STUDIES - КРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.LANGUAGE UNITS - МОВНІ ОДИНИЦІ.BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE — ФОНОВІ ЗНАННЯ.
Слайд 2
TERMINOLOGY:
LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES - ЛІНГВОКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.
NATIONAL STUDIES - КРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО.
LANGUAGE UNITS
- МОВНІ ОДИНИЦІ.
Слайд 3
LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES - THE STUDY OF A NATURAL
LANGUAGE IN ALL ITS VARIOUS CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS.
Слайд 4 NATIONAL STUDIES IS INTERESTED IN THE INFORMATION ABOUT
THE COUNTRY ITSELF WHILE
LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES IS AIMED AT EXTRACTING
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFORMATION FROM LANGUAGE UNITS. Слайд 5 LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES IS THE LINGUISTIC GROUND OF TRANSLATION
SINCE IT HELPS TO SOLVE ONE OF THE MAIN
PHILOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, THAT IS TO UNDERSTAND AND TRANSLATE THE GIVEN TEXT ADEQUATELY.Слайд 6 LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES DEALS WITH QUITE A RANGE OF
PROBLEMS, SUCH AS
- LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS,
- LANGUAGE
AND GENDER (SEX), - LANGUAGE AND NATION,
- LANGUAGE AND ETHNIC GROUP, ETC.
Слайд 7
"LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS"
Speaker A
1.I
done it yesterday
2.He ain't got it
3.It was her what
said itSpeaker B
1.I did it yesterday
2.He hasn't got it
3.It was her that said it
Слайд 8
"LANGUAGE & GENDER"
THE RELATIONSHIP "LANGUAGE & GENDER"
(SEX) IMPLIES SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN SPEECH STYLES.
SEX IS
A BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANT, WHILE GENDER CARRIES PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS.
IN ENGLISH THERE ARE NO GRAMMATICAL FORMS, LEXICAL ITEMS, OR PATTERNS OF PRONUNCIATION THAT ARE USED EXCLUSIVELY BY ONE SEX.
Слайд 13
LINGUACULTURAL STUDIES DEALS WITH
THE ORIGIN OF PLACE
NAMES AND PERSONAL NAMES,
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LANGUAGE
AND ITS DIALECTS AND VARIATIONS.Слайд 14 LINGUISTS CLASSIFY LANGUAGES USING TWO MAIN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS:
TYPOLOGICAL AND GENETIC.
A TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ORGANIZES LANGUAGES ACCORDING
TO THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THEIR STRUCTURES. LANGUAGES THAT SHARE THE SAME STRUCTURE BELONG TO THE SAME TYPE, WHILE LANGUAGES WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURES BELONG TO DIFFERENT TYPES. ACCORDING TO GENETIC CLASSIFICATION RELATED LANGUAGES (THAT IS, LANGUAGES EVOLVED FROM THE SAME ORIGINAL LANGUAGE) ARE GROUPED INTO LANGUAGE FAMILIES.
Слайд 17
WE MAY CONCLUDE THAT ALL THESE LANGUAGES HAVE
SPRUNG FROM THE SAME SOURCE, I.E. FROM ONE COMMON
LANGUAGE WHICH IS CALLED THE PARENT LANGUAGE, IN OUR CASE IT IS"PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN".
Слайд 18
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY HAS 10 BRANCHES:
ANATOLIAN (EXTINCT).
BALTO-SLAVONIC.
GERMANIC.
INDO-IRANIAN.
TOCHARIAN (EXTINCT).
ARMENIAN.
ALBANIAN.
ITALIC.
CELTIC.
GREEK.
Слайд 19
THE GERMANIC GROUP HAS THREE DISTINCT SUB-GROUPS:
EAST GERMANIC
– NO EAST GERMANIC LANGUAGE IS SPOKEN TODAY, AND
THE ONLY WRITTEN EAST GERMANIC LANGUAGE THAT SURVIVES IS GOTHIC.NORTH GERMANIC EVOLVED INTO THE MODERN SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES OF SWEDISH, DANISH, NORWEGIAN, AND ICELANDIC (BUT NOT FINNISH, WHICH IS RELATED TO HUNGARIAN AND ESTONIAN AND IS NOT AN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE).
WEST GERMANIC IS THE ANCESTOR OF MODERN GERMAN, DUTCH, FLEMISH, FRISIAN, AND ENGLISH.
Слайд 21 CHINESE IS SPOKEN BY 1,917 MLN PEOPLE, BUT
ENGLISH IS THE MOST WIDESPREAD.
BESIDES CHINESE AND ENGLISH,
THE MOST WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGES ARE AS FOLLOWS: SPANISH, 406 MILLION;
ENGLISH, 341 MILLION;
HINDI, 260 MILLION;
ARABIC, 223 MILLION;
PORTUGUESE, 202 MILLION;
BENGALI, 193 MILLION;
RUSSIAN, 162 MILLION;
JAPANESE, 122 MILLION;
GERMAN, 98 MILLION.
Слайд 23 ENGLISH IS SPOKEN NOW BY ABOUT 1/3 OF
THE WORLD
OVER 2/3S OF THE WORLD SCIENTISTS WRITE
IN ENGLISH 3/4 OF THE WORLD'S MAIL IS WRITTEN IN ENGLISH.
Слайд 24
ANCIENT BRITAIN
THE NOMADIC STONE AGE HUNTERS CROSSED THE
SEA TO BRITAIN TO THE WEST OF THE CHANNEL
AND SETTLED ALONG THE WESTERN SHORES.THE IBERIANS OR MEGALITHIC MEN HAVE ARRIVED FROM THE REGION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND LIVED THERE BETWEEN 3000 AND 2000 BC.
Слайд 25 SOON AFTER 2000 BC, A NEW RACE OF
ALPINE STOCK CAME FROM THE EAST OF EUROPE. -
THE BEAKER FOLK.THE RACE WAS CERTAINLY FAMILIAR WITH THE USE AND WORKING OF BRONZE.
THEY USED STONE WEAPONS AND TOOLS AND THE ART OF GRINDING AND POLISHING STONE WAS KNOWN TO THEM.
Слайд 26
THE CELTS (CELTIC TRIBES)
THERE WERE THREE DISTINCT WAVES:
THE
GOIDELS OR GAELS. (700 B.C.) THE
PICTS / THE SCOTS.THE BRYTHONIC CELTS OR BRYTHONS (600 AND 500 BC)
THE BELGAE FROM NORTHERN GAUL, CONTAINING MANY PEOPLE OF TEUTONIC ORIGIN (100 BC)
BRYTHONS + BELGAE
= BRITONS OR BRITS.
THE SOUTHERN PART
WAS NAMED BRITAIN
AFTER THE BRITONS.
Слайд 27 IN THE CELTIC SOCIETY THE TRIBAL FORM OF
GOVERNMENT PREVAILED.
PEOPLE LIVED IN CLANS, CLANS WERE UNITED
INTO LARGE KINSHIP GROUPS, GROUPS WERE UNITED INTO TRIBES. A TRIBE WAS GOVERNED BY A COUNCIL OF ELDERS, LATER THEY WERE CHAIRED BY THE SO-CALLED KINGS OR QUEENS.
Слайд 28
THE WOMEN IN THE TRIBE HAD
THE RIGHTS
EQUAL WITH THE MEN'S.
AS ALL THE TRIBESMEN BECAME
WARRIORS IN WARTIME, WOMEN COULD
JOIN THE FIGHTERS ALSO.
THE EARLY BRITISH AND IRISH
CIVILIZATIONS WERE ILLITERATE.
Слайд 29 THE DRUIDS— IN PRE-CHRISTIAN SOCIETY FORMED AN INTELLECTUAL
CLASS OF PHILOSOPHERS, JUDGES, TEACHERS, DOCTORS, ASTRONOMERS AND ASTROLOGERS.
VERY OFTEN THE DRUIDS WERE EVEN MORE POWERFUL THAN TRIBAL CHIEFS, BECAUSE PRIESTS ADVISED THEM IN ALL DIFFICULT MATTERS.THE WORD "DRUID" IS OF
CELTIC ORIGIN, EMERGED FROM
THE COMBINATION OF "DRUS"
(MEANING A TREE, USUALLY AN
OAK), AND “WID” (MEANING
KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM).
SO IN THE CELTIC SOCIAL SYSTEM "DRUID" WAS A TITLE GIVEN TO LEARNED MEN AND WOMEN POSSESSING "OAK KNOWLEDGE" (OR "OAK WISDOM").
Слайд 30
TO BECOME A DRUID STUDENTS
ASSEMBLED IN LARGE
GROUPS FOR
INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING. THIS PERIOD
OF TRAINING COULD
LAST UP TO TWENTY YEARS.
MANY STUDENTS WERE WOMEN. CELTIC
WOMEN HAD MORE FREEDOM AND RIGHTS
THAN WOMEN IN ANY OTHER CONTEMPORARY
CULTURE.
THEY COULD BECOME WARRIORS,
ENTER BATTLES, DIVORCE HUSBANDS
AND RULE THE TRIBE.
Слайд 31 THE DESCENDANTS OF THE ANCIENT CELTS LIVE ON
THE TERRITORY OF THE BRITISH ISLES. THE WELSH WHO
LIVE IN WALES ARE OF CELTIC ORIGIN. WELSH IS A CELTIC TONGUE.IN THE HIGHLANDS OF
SCOTLAND AS WELL AS IN
THE WESTERN PART OF IRELAND
THE PEOPLE SPEAK A TONGUE
OF CELTIC ORIGIN TOO.
Слайд 32
THE WORDS WITH CELTIC ORIGIN
SEVERAL RIVERS CALLED "AVON"
(IN CELTIC "RIVER").
SOME RIVERS HAVE THE NAME OF
DERWENT WHICH IN CELTIC MEANS "CLEAR WATER". THAMES IS ALSO OF CELTIC ORIGIN.
THE CHALK HIGHLANDS IN THE SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN PARTS OF ENGLAND ARE CALLED "THE DOWNS" - THAT COMES FROM THE CELTIC WORD "DOWN" WHICH MEANS "BARE, OPEN HIGHLAND".
Слайд 33
TOWN NAMES INCLUDE DOVER (“WATER”),
PENDLE ("PEN" –
“TOP” IN WELSH),
KENT (MEANING IS UNKNOWN),
ABERDEEN ("ABER"
– “MOUTH”; "DEE" - THE NAME OF THE RIVER), CARDIFF ("CAER" - FORT; "TAF' - THE NAME OF THE RIVER).
THERE ARE SOME WORDS OF EVERYDAY SPEECH:
"CRAG" (СКЕЛЯ) (CREIK - ROCK),
"BIN" (BINNE - BASKET),
"BROCK" (BROC – БОРСУК).
Слайд 35
JULIUS CAESAR
IN 55 B.C. THE ROMAN ARMY
OF 10000 MEN CROSSED THE CHANNEL AND INVADED BRITAIN,
BUT THEIR ATTEMPT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL .IN 54 B.C. THE ARMY OF 25000 WELL-TRAINED AND EQUIPPED LEGIONARIES CAME AGAIN, BUT IN FACT, HE COULD NOT CONQUER THE COUNTRY.
Слайд 36
THE ROMAN EMPEROR CLAUDIUS
IN 43 AD A LARGE
ARMY WAS SENT TO THE BRITISH ISLES. THE ARMY
INVADED BRITAIN AND CONQUERED THE SOUTH-EAST;OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY WERE TAKEN FROM TIME TO TIME DURING THE NEXT 40 YEARS.
MANY DEFENSIVE WALLS, BRIDGES OF STONE, STRAIGHT ROADS OF SEVERAL LAYERS OF STONES, LIME, GRAVEL WERE BUILT.
Слайд 38 THE CIVILIZED ROMANS BEGAN TO BUILD TOWNS, PUBLIC
BATHS, SPLENDID VILLAS.
YORK, GLOUCESTER, LINCOLN, LONDON BECAME THE
CHIEF ROMAN TOWNS. LONDON WHICH HAD BEEN A SMALL TRADING SETTLEMENT BEFORE THE CONQUEST NOW BECAME A CENTRE FOR TRADE BOTH BY ROAD AND RIVER.
THERE WERE ALSO ABOUT 50 OTHER SMALLER TOWNS.
THE TOWN OF BATH BECAME FAMOUS FOR ITS HOT SPRINGS.
ALL THE TOWNS WERE FORTIFIED.
EVERY ROMAN TOWN HAD A DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND A GOOD SUPPLY OF PURE WATER. TEMPLES AND PUBLIC BATHS COULD BE FOUND IN MOST TOWNS.
Слайд 39
ONE OF THE CHIEF ROADS WAS
WATLING STREET
WHICH RAN
FROM DOVER TO
LONDON, THEN TO
CHESTER AND
INTO WALES.
THE ROMANS REMAINED IN BRITAIN FOR ABOUT 4 CENTURIES AND DURING THAT TIME BRITAIN WAS A ROMAN PROVINCE GOVERNED BY ROMAN GOVERNORS AND PROTECTED BY ROMAN LEGIONS.
IN THE 3RD – 4TH CENTURIES THE POWER OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE GRADUALLY WEAKENED. IT HAPPENED DUE TO A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CAUSES.
Слайд 40 THE SLAVE-OWNING SYSTEM SLOWED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STATE. CONSTANT REVOLTS OF THE SLAVES WEAKENED THE EMPIRE
TOO. THE ROMANS WERE COUPLED WITH THE ATTACKS OF THE BARBARIAN TRIBES FROM OUTSIDE.AT THE END OF THE 4TH CENTURY SOME GERMANIC TRIBES INVADED THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND EARLY IN THE 5TH CENTURY (407) THE ROMAN LEGIONS WERE RECALLED FROM BRITAIN TO DEFEND THE CENTRAL PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM THE ATTACKS OF THE BARBARIC TRIBES.
Слайд 41
THE WORDS WHICH THE ROMANS LEFT BEHIND
ALBION —
A WORD USED TO REFER TO ENGLAND IN POETIC
CONTEXT. THE ROMANS TOOK THIS NAME FROM THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND SAID THAT IT MEANT "WHITE", BECAUSE THE FIRST VIEW FOR MOST VISITORS CROSSING THE CHANNEL WAS THE WHITE CLIFFS NEAR DOVER.BRITANNIA — THE NAME USED BY THE ROMANS TO REFER TO THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY. LATER THIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE FEMALE EMBODIMENT OF BRITAIN, WHO IS ALWAYS SHOWN WEARING A HELMET AND HOLDING A TRIDENT — A SYMBOL OF THE SEA POWER.
Слайд 42 BRITON — THE NAME GIVEN TO THE CELTIC
TRIBE, WHO LIVED IN ENGLAND BEFORE AND AFTER THE
ROMAN OCCUPATION. TODAY THIS WORD IS USED IN OFFICIAL CONTEXTS TO DESCRIBE A CITIZEN OF GREAT BRITAIN.CALEDONIA — THE ROMAN NAME FOR SCOTLAND.
CAMBRIA — THE ROMAN NAME FOR WALES.
HIBERNIA — THE ROMAN NAME FOR IRELAND.
"STREET" CAME FROM LATIN "STRATA" (ROAD)
"PORT" FROM LATIN "PORTUS"
"WALL" FROM "VALLUM".
Слайд 43 THE ROMAN TOWNS WERE STRONGLY FORTIFIED AND WERE
CALLED "CASTRA", WHICH MEANS "CAMP". THIS WORD CAN BE
RECOGNIZED IN VARIOUS FORMS IN SUCH NAMES AS CHESTER, WINCHESTER, MANCHESTER, LEICESTER, GLOUCESTER, DONCASTER, LANCASTER.ANY ENGLISH TOWN TODAY WITH A NAME ENDING IN "CHESTER", "CESTER", OR "CASTER" WAS ONCE A ROMAN CAMP OR CITY.
THE TOWN NAME LINCOLN COMES FROM THE LATIN "COLONIA", AND COLCHESTER FROM "COLN" AND "CHESTER" (FROM BOTH "COLONIA" AND "CASTRA").
SOME OTHER LATIN BORROWINGS ARE CONNECTED WITH THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES.
