Презентация на тему Lexical and grammatical сohesion

Lexical cohesion.

in the discourse requires making reference to some other

item in the discourse, there is cohesion”

Cohesion requires 2 elements:
a) occurrence of a referent b)a tie to it

reach the movie theater you will need to turn

right on the next intersection and then go straight for about 5 minutes. You will see it on your right-hand side.
(2) A cat catches a mouse. The car broke down. I go swimming.

to another element for its interpretation.

fitting room)
Daughter: Mom, what do you think about this

dress?
Mom: Oh dear, I think that’s too short for you. Would you try this? (showing another dress she is holding).

The man is living alone. His wife left him for 9 years.

He’s a superstar, he’s the best in his era. Let’s welcome.. Justin Bieber!

her, us (object pronoun), my, your (possessive pronoun), or

ours, theirs, hers (reflexive pronoun)

Demonstrative reference

here, there, this, that, etc refers to the location of presupposed elements

Comparative reference

bigger, more dilligent, and etc refers to compared adjectives of one noun to another

never met him before. My friends said that he

is a kind and helpful professor. I wish I can see Professor William soon.

There I was born and grew up. There I met him, my beloved one. There we raised our kids. There, in a small town called Slawi.

(in a boutique) Woman: I think this blouse is too dark for my skin. Can I have the lighter, please?

another.

had a kitten but then it lost. I wish

I had the same now.

You think Joan already knows? - I think everybody does.

... if you've seen them so often. of course you know what they're like'.
'I believe so,' Alice replied thoughtfully.

Do you think that the assignment will due this week? I hope not! I haven’t written anything!

within a text or discourse is omitted or replaced

by nothing

fine hall you have here. I’m proud to be

lecturing in it.

b. This is a fine hall you have here. I've never lectured in a finer one.

c. This is a fine hall you have here. I've never lectured in a finer.

yet (they) said nothing.
How did you enjoy the exhibition?-

A lot (of the exhibition) was very good though not all.

verbal
Have you been swimming?- Yes, I have (been swimming).
What have you been doing?- (I have been) Swimming.

clausal
Who was playing the piano? – John was.
I hear Smith is having an operation? – He has.

in which what is to follow is systematically connected

to what has gone before

great result. Similarly, doing work professionally will keep you

at the top.

He has little money on his pocket. However, he insists to buy the movie ticket. He will walk home for sure.

She was 5 minutes late submitting her final project. As a result, she lost 5% of her final score.

First, you need to select fresh lemons. Next, you cut them in two parts and squeeze them. Add some sugar to the lemon water. Finally, you can add some ice in it.

yet, so

accordingly, subsequently, actually
therefore, thereupon, whereas
Compound adverbs
furthermore, nevertheless, anyway,
instead,

besides
on the contrary, as a result, in addition
Prepositional expressions
as a result of that, instead of that
In addition to that
in spite of that, because of that

or the occurrence of a some kind, in the

context of reference; that is, where the two occurrences referent

repetition

synonym

hyperonym

general word

the garden. The boy (_______)was climbing a tree. I

was worried about the child (________).The poor lad (_________)was obviously not up to it. The idiot (__________) was going to fall if he (_________)didn’t take care.

is in some way associated with another word in

the preceding text, because it is a direct repetition of it, or is in some sense synonymous with it, or tends to occur in the same lexical environment

Opposites (man/woman, love/hate, tall/short).
 Pairs of words from the same ordered series (days of the week, months, etc.)
 Pairs of words from unordered lexical sets, such as meronyms:
- part-whole (body/arm, car/wheel)
- part-part (hand/finger, mouth/chin)
- co-hyponyms (black/white, chair/table).
 Associations based on a history of co-occurrence (rain, pouring, torrential)

pocket full of rye,
Four-and-twenty blackbirds baked in a pie,
When

the pie was opened, the birds began to sing,
Wasn't that a dainty dish to set before a king?
The king was in his counting-house, cotmting out his money,
The queen was in the parlour, eating bread and honey,
The maid was in the garden, hanging out the clothes.
Along came a blackbird and pecked off her nose.

without grammatical cohesion, even coherent discourse becomes laborious, clumsy,

and faltered