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Презентация на тему Change of meaning. Extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation of meaning of a word, metaphor, metonymy

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2. Definition of changes of word meaning Types of changesExtensionElevationNarrowingDegradationMetaphorMetonomy
3. Changes in word meaningWhen a word loses
4. Types of Semantic Change-Extension of meaning-Narrowing of meaning-Elevation of meaning-Degradation of meaning
5. Extension of Meaning -Generalization of MeaningIt
6. salary(original) a sum of money given to
7. She is such a pretty little thing.I
8. Generalization of meaning is also found in
9. Narrowing of Meaning It is a process
11. Narrowing of MeaningFor economy, some phrases are
12. Change in associative meaningBoth extension and narrowing
13. Elevation of Meaning (amelioration) -It is
14. Examples of elevationnice-ignorant --- foolish --- delightful,
15. Degradation of Meaning It is a
16. Examplessillyblessed and happy--- innocent----simple or simple-minded ----foolishsadfull, satisfied, contented ----- calm ------ serious ----sorrowful
17. Semantic transferChange in word meaning may result
18. MetaphorThis is also a horse, but a metaphorical horse.
19. Example of a linguistic metaphor: footfoot1. The
20. Metonymy is another important factor in semantic
21. Example: seatSeat (its sense is extended to
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Definition of changes of word meaning Types of changesExtensionElevationNarrowingDegradationMetaphorMetonomy

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Change of meaning. Extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation of meaning of a word, metaphor, metonymy

Change of meaning. Extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation of meaning of a word, metaphor, metonymy.

Definition of changes of word meaning Types of changesExtensionElevationNarrowingDegradationMetaphorMetonomy

Changes in word meaningWhen a word loses its old meaning and comes

Types of Semantic Change-Extension of meaning-Narrowing of meaning-Elevation of meaning-Degradation of meaning

Extension of Meaning -Generalization of MeaningIt is a process by which

salary(original) a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them

She is such a pretty little thing.I have to pack my things

Generalization of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which are

Narrowing of Meaning It is a process by which a word of

Narrowing of MeaningFor economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element

Change in associative meaningBoth extension and narrowing of meaning are talking about

Elevation of Meaning (amelioration) -It is the process by which words

Examples of elevationnice-ignorant --- foolish --- delightful, pleasantfond-foolish --- affectionateawesome-terrible---terrific marshal-a

Degradation of Meaning It is a process by which words with

Examplessillyblessed and happy--- innocent----simple or simple-minded ----foolishsadfull, satisfied, contented ----- calm ------ serious ----sorrowful

Semantic transferChange in word meaning may result from the figurative use of

MetaphorThis is also a horse, but a metaphorical horse.

Example of a linguistic metaphor: footfoot1. The lower extremity of the vertebrate

Metonymy is another important factor in semantic change. It is a figure

Example: seatSeat (its sense is extended to the right to sit as

More Example: cradleCradle1. A small low bed for an infant, often

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2
Definition of changes of word meaning
Types of

changes
Extension
Elevation
Narrowing
Degradation
Metaphor
Metonomy

Слайд 3 Changes in word meaning
When a word loses its

Changes in word meaningWhen a word loses its old meaning and

old meaning and comes to refer to something different,

the result is a change in word meaning.

Change of meaning refers to the alternation of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to a particular word.

Changing word meaning has never ceased since the beginning of the language and will continue in the future.

The changes in meaning are gradual, and words are not changed in a day.

Слайд 4 Types of Semantic Change
-Extension of meaning
-Narrowing of meaning
-Elevation

of meaning
-Degradation of meaning

Слайд 5 Extension of Meaning -
Generalization of Meaning
It is a

process by which a word which originally had a

specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader concept.

Слайд 6 salary
(original) a sum of money given to Roman

salary(original) a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable

soldiers to enable them to buy salt
(present) fixed payment

made by employer at regular intervals to employees

holiday
(original) holy day, a day of religious significance
(present) day of festivity or recreation

Слайд 7 She is such a pretty little thing.
I have

She is such a pretty little thing.I have to pack my

to pack my things for the journey.
There is another

thing I want to ask you about.
That only makes things worse.
The thing is, can we finish the job in time?

A large proportion of polysemous words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development. Some words are generalized to such a degree that they can mean almost everything.

“Thing” which used to mean “a public assembly” or “a council” in Anglo-Saxon times, now has become an all-purpose word. Its meaning is so general, and we sometimes call this noun a ‘light noun’.

Слайд 8 Generalization of meaning is also found in many

Generalization of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which

technical terms, which are confined to specialized use.

allergic
(original) too

sensitive to medicine
(present) averse or disinclined
alibi
(original) a legal term signifying “the plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed”
(present) excuse

Слайд 9 Narrowing of Meaning
It is a process by which

Narrowing of Meaning It is a process by which a word

a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or

specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special concept in present-day English.

Narrowing; specialization; restriction

Слайд 10

Слайд 11 Narrowing of Meaning
For economy, some phrases are shortened

Narrowing of MeaningFor economy, some phrases are shortened and only one

and only one element of the original, usually an

adjective, is left to retain the meaning of the whole. Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings.
a general = a general officer
an editorial = an editorial article

Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense.
glass a cup-like container or a mirror
iron device for smoothing clothes

Слайд 12 Change in associative meaning
Both extension and narrowing of

Change in associative meaningBoth extension and narrowing of meaning are talking

meaning are talking about the changes in conceptual meaning.

Next we will talk about the changes in associative meaning.
Elevation of meaning
Degradation of meaning

Слайд 13 Elevation of Meaning (amelioration)
-It is the process

by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions

of importance.
-Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change to designate something agreeable or pleasant.

-A “snarl” word becomes a “purr” word, or a slang becomes a common word.
-elevation; amelioration

Слайд 14 Examples of elevation

nice
-ignorant --- foolish --- delightful, pleasant
fond
-foolish

--- affectionate
awesome
-terrible---terrific
marshal
-a keeper of horses --- a

high ranking army officer
constable
-a keeper of horses --- a policeman

Terrific headache
Terrific party

Слайд 15 Degradation of Meaning
It is a process by

which words with appreciatory or neutral affective meaning fall

into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense.

A “purr” word becomes a “snarl” word.
degradation, degeneration, pejoration

Слайд 16 Examples
silly
blessed and happy--- innocent----simple or simple-minded ----foolish
sad
full, satisfied,

contented ----- calm ------ serious ----sorrowful

Слайд 17 Semantic transfer
Change in word meaning may result from

Semantic transferChange in word meaning may result from the figurative use

the figurative use of the language. Metaphor and metonymy

are two important figures of speech.

Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on similarity.
E.x.: A cunning person may be referred to as a fox. Here “fox” means something other than its literal meaning. The word “fox” gets the figurative meaning of “a cunning person”.