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Презентация на тему Enrico Fermi A Modern Renaissance Man

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Enrico Fermi A Modern Renaissance ManBorn 29 September 1901): Rome29 September 1901): Rome, ItalyDied November 28, 1954 (aged 53): ChicagoNovember 28, 1954 (aged 53): Chicago, IllinoisNovember 28, 1954 (aged 53): Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Known for New radioactiveNew radioactive elements
What? Location? Why? Enrico Fermi A Modern  Renaissance ManBorn 29 September 1901): Rome29 September Enrico Fermi, PhysicistFermi was one of the greatest physicists of the 20th Early YearsIn 1901, Enrico was born in Rome to Alberto Fermi, a Physics in ItalyDespite being the birthplace of physics, in the 20th century Scuola Normale Superiore di PisaUrged by a family friend, Fermi went to Fermi Electron TheoryWhile in Pisa, Fermi and his friends had a well-earned Professor FermiThanks to the efforts ofProfessor (and Senator)Orso Mario Corbino, whorecognized his Via Panisperna BoysIn Rome, Fermi (with Corbino’s help) gathered the brightest scientific Ettore MajoranaFermi considered his Sicilian student, Ettore Majorana, to be far more Emilio SegrèBorn in Tivoli, Segrè enrolled in the University of Rome La Fermi, SportsmanAn avid hiker and tennis player, Fermi showed the same intensity Fermi ProblemsFermi was famous for being able to avoid long, tedious calculations Fermi Problem Example“What is the length of the equator?”Fermi problems are solved Many Guesstimation Books !Guesstimation: Solving the World's Problems on the Back of From Theory to ExperimentIn 1934, Fermi learned of the nuclear experiments of Nobel PrizeIn 1938, Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics for Emigration to AmericaAfter receiving the Nobel prize in Stockholm, Fermi and his World WarIn 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, igniting World War II. The Einstein’s Letter to RooseveltOn August 2nd 1939, encouraged by a group of Nuclear FissionThe bombardment of uranium by neutrons was first studied by Enrico Chain ReactionNuclear chain reactions had been foreseen as early as 1933 by Chicago Pile-1Fermi led the construction of Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) , the world's University of Chicago Manhattan ProjectCP-1 demonstrated that nuclear energy was not just a theoretical possibility Nuclear Physics in Nazi GermanyThe Nazi reactor effort had been severely handicapped Post-War WorkIn his later years, Fermi did important work in particle physics, Fermi’s Last YearsFermi died at age 53 of stomach cancer; two of FermilabFermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, is a The Fermi ParadoxThe extreme age of the universe and its vast number
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Enrico Fermi A Modern Renaissance Man
Born 29 September 1901):

Enrico Fermi A Modern Renaissance ManBorn 29 September 1901): Rome29 September

Rome29 September 1901): Rome, Italy
Died November 28, 1954 (aged 53):

ChicagoNovember 28, 1954 (aged 53): Chicago, IllinoisNovember 28, 1954 (aged 53): Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Known for
New radioactiveNew radioactive elements by neutron irradiation Controlled
nuclear chain reaction,
Fermi-Dirac statistics
Theory of beta decay

Notable award: Nobel Prize for Physics (1938)

Слайд 3 Enrico Fermi, Physicist
Fermi was one of the greatest

Enrico Fermi, PhysicistFermi was one of the greatest physicists of the

physicists of the 20th century.
He is best known for

his leading contributions in the Manhattan Project but his work spanned every field of physics.


Слайд 4 Early Years
In 1901, Enrico was born in Rome

Early YearsIn 1901, Enrico was born in Rome to Alberto Fermi,

to Alberto Fermi, a Chief Inspector of the Ministry

of Communications, and Ida de Gattis, an elementary school teacher.

As a young boy he enjoyed learning physics and mathematics and shared his interests with his older brother, Giulio. When Giulio died unexpectedly of a throat abscess in 1915 it brought great sorrow to the family and Enrico escaped into his studies.


Слайд 5 Physics in Italy
Despite being the birthplace of physics,

Physics in ItalyDespite being the birthplace of physics, in the 20th

in the 20th century Italy had slipped behind the

other European countries. That all changed with Enrico Fermi.

Слайд 6 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
Urged by a family

Scuola Normale Superiore di PisaUrged by a family friend, Fermi went

friend, Fermi went to Pisa for his university studies.
His

exceptional abilities were recognized by his professors, some of whom received lessons on relativity theory from the young Fermi.

Слайд 7 Fermi Electron Theory
While in Pisa, Fermi and his

Fermi Electron TheoryWhile in Pisa, Fermi and his friends had a

friends had a well-earned reputation as pranksters.
One afternoon, while

patiently trapping geckos (used to scare girls at the university), Fermi came up with the fundamental theory for electrons in solids.
Fermi’s theory later became the foundation of the entire semiconductor industry.

Слайд 8 Professor Fermi
Thanks to the efforts of
Professor (and Senator)
Orso

Professor FermiThanks to the efforts ofProfessor (and Senator)Orso Mario Corbino, whorecognized

Mario Corbino, who
recognized his talent,
Fermi returned to Rome

as
professor of physics in
1924.

Fermi was only 24 years old but was already an internationally known scientist.


Слайд 9 Via Panisperna Boys
In Rome, Fermi (with Corbino’s help)

Via Panisperna BoysIn Rome, Fermi (with Corbino’s help) gathered the brightest

gathered the brightest scientific minds in Italy in his

theoretical physics group, known as the “Via Panisperna Boys.”

Despite that fact that Enrico was only a few years older, his students (half-jokingly) called him “The Pope” because they considered him infallible.


Слайд 10 Ettore Majorana
Fermi considered his Sicilian student, Ettore Majorana,

Ettore MajoranaFermi considered his Sicilian student, Ettore Majorana, to be far

to be far more brilliant than himself. Majorana’s main

fault was that problems were so simple for him to solve that he rarely bothered to write down and publish his calculations.
Majorana became full professor of theoretical physics in Naples University in 1937 without needing to take examination “for high and well-deserved repute, independently of the competition rules.”
A few months afterwards, at the age of 31, Majorana mysteriously disappeared during a boat trip from Palermo to Naples.

Слайд 11 Emilio Segrè
Born in Tivoli, Segrè enrolled in the

Emilio SegrèBorn in Tivoli, Segrè enrolled in the University of Rome

University of Rome La Sapienza as an engineering student.

He switched to physics in 1927 to work with Fermi.

Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Owen Chamberlain examining film measuring the rate of antiproton travel, 1955

While Segrè was visiting Berkeley in 1938, Mussolini's Fascist government passed anti-Semitic laws barring Jews from university positions, making Segrè an émigré.
Segrè and Owen Chamberlain (also Fermi’s student) shared the Nobel Prize for their discovery of the anti-proton in 1959.


Слайд 12 Fermi, Sportsman
An avid hiker and tennis player, Fermi

Fermi, SportsmanAn avid hiker and tennis player, Fermi showed the same

showed the same intensity in his sports as in

his science.
Often he would win his matches by simply outlasting his opponent.
Yet Fermi was also known for his modesty and would never make much of his achievement.

Слайд 13 Fermi Problems
Fermi was famous for being able to

Fermi ProblemsFermi was famous for being able to avoid long, tedious

avoid long, tedious calculations or difficult experimental measurements by

devising ingenious ways of finding approximate answers.

He also enjoyed challenging his friends with “Fermi Problems” that could be solved by such “back of the envelope” estimates.

Laura and Enrico Fermi


Слайд 14 Fermi Problem Example
“What is the length of the

Fermi Problem Example“What is the length of the equator?”Fermi problems are

equator?”
Fermi problems are solved by assembling simple facts that

combine to give the answer:

The distance from Los Angeles to New York is about 3000 miles.
These cities are three time zones apart.
So each time zone is about 1000 miles wide.
There are 24 time zones around the world.
So the length of the equator must be about 24,000 miles

The exact answer is 24,901 miles.

Слайд 15 Many Guesstimation Books !
Guesstimation: Solving the World's Problems

Many Guesstimation Books !Guesstimation: Solving the World's Problems on the Back

on the Back of a Cocktail Napkin
by Lawrence

Weinstein , John A. Adam
Price: ~ $14.00


Слайд 16 From Theory to Experiment
In 1934, Fermi learned of

From Theory to ExperimentIn 1934, Fermi learned of the nuclear experiments

the nuclear experiments of Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie, he

immediately shifted his group’s work from theory to experiment.

Слайд 17 Nobel Prize
In 1938, Fermi won the Nobel Prize

Nobel PrizeIn 1938, Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics for

in Physics for "demonstrations of the existence of new

radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons".

Слайд 18 Emigration to America
After receiving the Nobel prize in

Emigration to AmericaAfter receiving the Nobel prize in Stockholm, Fermi and

Stockholm, Fermi and his family emigrated to New York,

mainly because of the fascist regime’s anti-Semitic laws, threatened his wife Laura, who was of Jewish descent.

Слайд 19 World War
In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, igniting

World WarIn 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, igniting World War II.

World War II. The United States, initially neutral, was

drawn in after Pearl Harbor is attacked in December 1941.

Слайд 20 Einstein’s Letter to Roosevelt
On August 2nd 1939, encouraged

Einstein’s Letter to RooseveltOn August 2nd 1939, encouraged by a group

by a group of fellow physicists, the world’s most

famous scientist, Albert Einstein, writes a historic letter to President Roosevelt.

Слайд 23 Nuclear Fission
The bombardment of uranium by neutrons was

Nuclear FissionThe bombardment of uranium by neutrons was first studied by

first studied by Enrico Fermi but the results were

not fully understood at the time.
After Fermi’s publication, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann began performing similar experiments in Germany.
In 1939, they discovered that the uranium nucleus split (fission) under neutron bombardment, releasing nuclear energy.

Слайд 24 Chain Reaction
Nuclear chain reactions had been foreseen as

Chain ReactionNuclear chain reactions had been foreseen as early as 1933

early as 1933 by Leo Szilard, although Szilard at

that time had no idea with what materials the process might be initiated.
Fermi and Szilard proposed the idea of a nuclear reactor (pile) with natural uranium as fuel and graphite as moderator of neutron energy.


Слайд 25 Chicago Pile-1
Fermi led the construction of Chicago Pile-1

Chicago Pile-1Fermi led the construction of Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) , the

(CP-1) , the world's first nuclear reactor.
Due to

a construction labor strike, he built it inside a squash court at the University of Chicago.

The first artificial, self-sustaining, nuclear chain reaction was initiated within CP-1, on Dec. 2, 1942.


Слайд 26 University of Chicago

University of Chicago

Слайд 27 Manhattan Project
CP-1 demonstrated that nuclear energy was not

Manhattan ProjectCP-1 demonstrated that nuclear energy was not just a theoretical

just a theoretical possibility but an experimental fact.
At that

point, enormous resources were poured into the Manhattan Project in an effort to produce the atomic bomb, a decisive weapon to end the war.

Слайд 28 Nuclear Physics in Nazi Germany
The Nazi reactor effort

Nuclear Physics in Nazi GermanyThe Nazi reactor effort had been severely

had been severely handicapped by the German physicists belief

that heavy water was necessary as a neutron moderator.

The Germans were short of heavy water because of Allied efforts to prevent Germany from obtaining it and they never stumbled on the secret of using purified graphite instead.

Nazi German experimental nuclear pile at Haigerloch


Слайд 29 Post-War Work
In his later years, Fermi did important

Post-War WorkIn his later years, Fermi did important work in particle

work in particle physics, especially related to pions and

muons.
He was also known to be an inspiring teacher at the University of Chicago. His lecture notes were transcribed into books and are still used today.

Слайд 30 Fermi’s Last Years
Fermi died at age 53 of

Fermi’s Last YearsFermi died at age 53 of stomach cancer; two

stomach cancer; two of his assistants working on or

near the nuclear pile also died of cancer.
Fermi and his team knew that their work carried considerable risk but they considered the outcome so vital that they forged ahead with little regard for their own personal safety.

Слайд 31 Fermilab
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia

FermilabFermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, is

near Chicago, is a Department of Energy national laboratory

specializing in high-energy particle physics.
Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator, four miles in circumference, is the world's highest energy particle accelerator.

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