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Презентация на тему Arguments and argumentation

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2. ArgumentFundamental building block of persuasionCollection of statements
3. Elements of ArgumentClaim/ThesisSupport/ProofInference (result/outcome/consequence)
4. Examples (claim): “The state should allow euthanasia
5. SupportIdea/set of ideas audience accepts as trueExample: “upon death terminally ill patient’s physical suffering ceases”
6. InferenceConnection between claim and supportMay be obvious
7. Forms of Argument
9. One claim may have a lot of various kinds of support:
10. Support components: Examples, facts, statistics, points of
11. Modes of ArgumentationDescriptiveRelationalEvaluative
12. Definitions/descriptive argumentationConcerns nature and definition of thingse.g.
13. Creating descriptive argumentationDifferentiation (from general class to
14. Relational ArgumentationRelationship between things/causal relationshipsExample: “Capital punishment deters crime expansion” “violence in mass media causes real violence”
15. Creating Relational ArgumentsReduction – from general to
16. Creating Relational ArgumentsAuthority – reference to people
17. Evaluative ArgumentationWhat is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourableExample: “TH
18. Creating Evaluative ArgumentsEvaluating components and comparing themE.g.:
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ArgumentFundamental building block of persuasionCollection of statements organized in a way to highlight/demonstrate connection between what is believed to be true and what should be accepted as true.

Arguments and argumentationcomposed by Christopher Aden

Elements of ArgumentClaim/ThesisSupport/ProofInference (result/outcome/consequence)

Examples (claim): “The state should allow euthanasia for terminally ill people”Idea which

SupportIdea/set of ideas audience accepts as trueExample: “upon death terminally ill patient’s physical suffering ceases”

InferenceConnection between claim and supportMay be obvious or inferred directly May have

One claim may have a lot of various kinds of support:

Support components: Examples, facts, statistics, points of authority, various sources such as

Modes of ArgumentationDescriptiveRelationalEvaluative

Definitions/descriptive argumentationConcerns nature and definition of thingse.g. “euthanasia – willful ceasing of

Creating descriptive argumentationDifferentiation (from general class to the rest of class)Example (giving

Relational ArgumentationRelationship between things/causal relationshipsExample: “Capital punishment deters crime expansion” “violence in mass media causes real violence”

Creating Relational ArgumentsReduction – from general to specific or otherwiseE.g.: ^Harsher penalties

Creating Relational ArgumentsAuthority – reference to people who make credible assertionsE.g.: ^Global

Evaluative ArgumentationWhat is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourableExample: “TH fears the rise of China”

Creating Evaluative ArgumentsEvaluating components and comparing themE.g.: “TH fears the rise of

Creating Evaluative ArgumentsComparing smth to a standard/value/criteria, etc.E.g.: “Capital punishment is unjustified”Human

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Argument
Fundamental building block of persuasion

Collection of statements organized

ArgumentFundamental building block of persuasionCollection of statements organized in a way

in a way to highlight/demonstrate connection between what is

believed to be true and what should be accepted as true.

Слайд 3 Elements of Argument
Claim/Thesis

Support/Proof

Inference (result/outcome/consequence)

Слайд 4 Examples (claim):
“The state should allow euthanasia for terminally

Examples (claim): “The state should allow euthanasia for terminally ill people”Idea

ill people”

Idea which is not yet accepted as true/proven
Not

an argument yet

Слайд 5 Support
Idea/set of ideas audience accepts as true
Example: “upon

death terminally ill patient’s physical suffering ceases”

Слайд 6 Inference
Connection between claim and support

May be obvious or

InferenceConnection between claim and supportMay be obvious or inferred directly May

inferred directly
May have to emphasized
Example: euthanasia is desirable

because person will be relieved

Слайд 7 Forms of Argument

Слайд 8

Слайд 9 One claim may have a lot of various

kinds of support:

Слайд 10 Support components:
Examples, facts, statistics, points of authority,

Support components: Examples, facts, statistics, points of authority, various sources such

various sources such as books, magazines, journals, records, etc.

LOGIC!!!

Слайд 11 Modes of Argumentation
Descriptive

Relational

Evaluative

Слайд 12 Definitions/descriptive argumentation
Concerns nature and definition of things
e.g. “euthanasia

Definitions/descriptive argumentationConcerns nature and definition of thingse.g. “euthanasia – willful ceasing

– willful ceasing of death”
e.g. “euthanasia - murder”
e.g. “global

warming is increase of earth’s surface”

Слайд 13 Creating descriptive argumentation
Differentiation (from general class to the

Creating descriptive argumentationDifferentiation (from general class to the rest of class)Example

rest of class)
Example (giving examples to illustrate how smth.

Functions or what smth/smn is, etc.)
Authority (how an authoritative person or entity defines smth/smn.)
Analogies (comparing what needs to be defined to smth very similar)

Слайд 14 Relational Argumentation
Relationship between things/causal relationships
Example: “Capital punishment deters

crime expansion”
“violence in mass media causes real violence”

Слайд 15 Creating Relational Arguments
Reduction – from general to specific

Creating Relational ArgumentsReduction – from general to specific or otherwiseE.g.: ^Harsher

or otherwise
E.g.: ^Harsher penalties will decline car accidents^
one would

be less likely to drive drunk if they knew that punishment would be a significant jail time, therefore harsher penalties are desirable.
Analogies – comparison of the known to the unknown
E.g.: ^improve health care in the USA^
“look at health care in Canada and United Kingdom”

Слайд 16 Creating Relational Arguments
Authority – reference to people who

Creating Relational ArgumentsAuthority – reference to people who make credible assertionsE.g.:

make credible assertions
E.g.: ^Global crisis is a worldwide disaster^
According

to Joseph. E. Stiglitz who is Nobel Prize winner in Economy Science, global crisis is indeed a disaster with severe consequences for the whole world….

Слайд 17 Evaluative Argumentation
What is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourable

Example: “TH fears

Evaluative ArgumentationWhat is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourableExample: “TH fears the rise of

the rise of China”

Most resolutions are like this

(Value resolutions)

Слайд 18 Creating Evaluative Arguments
Evaluating components and comparing them

E.g.: “TH

Creating Evaluative ArgumentsEvaluating components and comparing themE.g.: “TH fears the rise

fears the rise of China”
To evaluate: “rise of

China” and define “fear”
To determine: what is bad (in this case):
E.g.: 1) increasing economic influence of China
2) political clout around the world
3) great modernizing military