ArgumentFundamental building block of persuasionCollection of statements organized in a way to highlight/demonstrate connection between what is believed to be true and what should be accepted as true.
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Definitions/descriptive argumentation Concerns nature and definition of things e.g. “euthanasia
– willful ceasing of death” e.g. “euthanasia - murder” e.g. “global
warming is increase of earth’s surface”
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Creating descriptive argumentation Differentiation (from general class to the
rest of class) Example (giving examples to illustrate how smth.
Functions or what smth/smn is, etc.) Authority (how an authoritative person or entity defines smth/smn.) Analogies (comparing what needs to be defined to smth very similar)
crime expansion” “violence in mass media causes real violence”
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Creating Relational Arguments Reduction – from general to specific
or otherwise E.g.: ^Harsher penalties will decline car accidents^ one would
be less likely to drive drunk if they knew that punishment would be a significant jail time, therefore harsher penalties are desirable. Analogies – comparison of the known to the unknown E.g.: ^improve health care in the USA^ “look at health care in Canada and United Kingdom”
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Creating Relational Arguments Authority – reference to people who
make credible assertions E.g.: ^Global crisis is a worldwide disaster^ According
to Joseph. E. Stiglitz who is Nobel Prize winner in Economy Science, global crisis is indeed a disaster with severe consequences for the whole world….
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Evaluative Argumentation What is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourable
Example: “TH fears
the rise of China”
Most resolutions are like this
(Value resolutions)
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Creating Evaluative Arguments Evaluating components and comparing them
E.g.: “TH
fears the rise of China” To evaluate: “rise of
China” and define “fear” To determine: what is bad (in this case): E.g.: 1) increasing economic influence of China 2) political clout around the world 3) great modernizing military