Презентация на тему Национальные парки и заповедники России и США

hypothesis
The methods
The stages
The comparison of national parks and reserves

of Russia and the USA
The list of some national parks and reserves of Russia and the USA
The list of information

It is absolutely necessary to save wildlife. But national

parks and reserves in Russia have a lot of problems:
1. low financing and own income
2. the lack of employees
3. officials and businessmen’s efforts to occupy the land of national parks and reserves for their egoistic purposes
4. the absence of a separate federal service for managing national parks and reserves
5. the low rate of the land for protected areas (more national perks and reserves should be set up)

protection of cultural objects
8. complicated problems with legislation
9. high

rate of poaching
10. Accessibility for people

It is absolutely necessary to solve these problems because otherwise the system of national parks and reserves in Russia will be in great danger

tack of primary importance. If we wants to solve

the problems of Russian nationals parks and reserves, we should examine the foreign experience in this field.
The system of national parks in the USA is one of the best in the world. That’s why we decided to compare the national parks and reserves of Russia with the national parks of the USA. We believe that in this case we shall be able to offer the ways of solving our problems and make our personal contribution in the process of nature conservation.
Also our aim is to create a reference book on the most interesting reserves and national parks in Russia and the USA. This reference book may be used at the lessons of geography and biology.

types of protected areas and the status of national

parks and reserves in this aim.
To compare the national parks of the USA and the national parks and reserves of Russia, using the following criteria:
To compare the national parks of the USA and reserves of Russia, using the following criteria:
A) the quantity of the national parks and reserves
B) the square of the national parks and reserves
C) the quantity of the employees
D) financing and the own income
E) the quantity of the tourists
F) the development in future
G) the ways of management

protection against officials, businessmen and poachers
i) the differences

in legislation
j) the social and cultural aspects

and the own income



2. The lack of employees



3. Officials

and businessmen's efforts to occupy the land

How to solve it
a) to use private resources
b) to develop advertisement
c) to develop tourism
d) to fight with corruption

e) to increase the salary
f) to use modern techniques (it will be more interesting for qualified specialists)

g) to use volunteers’ help
h) to make the laws more drastic

service


The low rate of the land for protected areas

The life-support of local population



The protection of cultural objects



7. The complicated problems with law

i) to create a separate service for managing the national parks and reserves

j) to organize more national pars and reserves
k) to offer work for local people (they can he rangers, builders, guides etc, )

l) to use volunteers' help
m) to use own financial resources

n) to put the laws to rights according to the demands of nature conservation

of poaching





9. Accesibility for people
o) to improve the guard

service in the national parks and reserves



p) to develop tourism
q) to create railroads connecting the national
r) parks and reserves with cities and towns

We beleive that the system of the national parks

and reserves in Russia has a lot of opportunities to become better. It can be as well-organized as the system of the national parks and reserves in the USA. This aim can be achieved due to:
a) the increase of financing and the own income
b) improving the management and the guard service c) putting the laws to rights and making them more drastic

project we used the following methods:
1) Getting information

from the Internet and special books
2) Working with the statistics
comparing the numerals
making conclusions
presenting them with the help of a table
3) Working with the facts
choosing the necessary information from the texts
comparing the facts
making conclusions

different themes and choosing the best one
2) Proposing

the problems, ideas and the aims of the project
3) Proposing the hypothesis of the project
4) Checking the hypothesis and making conclusions (Investigation)
5) Showing the results of the investigation with the help of the presentation

of Russia and USA

Park
2. Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park
3. Grand Canyon

National Park
4. Yosemite National Park
5. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
6. Everglades National Park

end of the Snake River Plain, a great U-shaped

arc through the mountains that extends from Boise, Idaho some 400 miles (640 km) to the west. This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot. The landscape of present-day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth.

established in 1916, is a United States National Park

located in the U.S. State of Hawaii’s on the island of Hawai'i. It displays the results of hundreds of thousands of years of volcanism, migration, and evolution—processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture.

The park encompasses diverse environments that range from sea level to the summit of the earth's most massive volcano, Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet. Kilauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, offers scientists insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and visitors' views of dramatic volcanic landscapes. The park includes 505 mi² (1348 km²) of land

park come to the South Rim, arriving on Arizona

Highway 64. The Highway enters the park through the South Entrance, near Tusayan, Arizona, and heads eastward, leaving the park through the East Entrance. All park accommodations are operated by the Xanterra corporation. Park headquarters are at Grand Canyon Village, a short distance from the South Entrance, being also the center of the most popular viewpoints.

Some thirty miles of the South Rim are accessible by road. A much smaller venue for tourists is found on the North Rim, accessed by Arizona Highway 67. There is no road connection between the two - Within Arizona - except via the Navajo Bridge, near Page, Arizona, entailing a five-hour drive. Otherwise, the two rims of the Canyon are connected via Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Hoover Dam.

Grand Canyon National Park

the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and

remnants of older rock. About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.

About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached 4,000 feet (1200 m) during the early glacial episode. The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today

a U.S. national lakeshore located in northwest Indiana that was authorized by Congress

in 1966. The national lakeshore runs for nearly 25 miles (40 km) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, from Gary, Indiana, on the west to Michigan City, Indiana on the east. The park contains approximately 15,000 acres (61 km²). The National Lakeshore has development rights over the area within its boundaries, but has not purchased the full extent of the property. Its holdings are non-contiguous and do not include the Indiana Dunes State Park (1916), a separate, 2,182 acre (9 km²) parcel of protected dune land on the lakefront near Chesterton, Indiana.

U.S. state of Florida. The largest subtropical wilderness in the United States it

contains the southern 25 percent of the original Everglades marshland region of southwestern Florida. It is visited by one million people each year, and it is the third-largest national park in the lower 48 states after Death Valley National Park and Yellowstone National Park. It has been declared an International Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, and a Wetland of International Importance.

Marii Chodra
4. Vodlozero National Park
5. Great Arctic

Zapovednik
6. Kaluzhsky Zaseki Nature Reserve
7. Shulgan-Tash Reserve

a national park in Western Caucasus, near of the city of Sochi, Russia.[1] It

is Russia's second oldest national park, established on May 5, 1983. The park covers 1937.37 square kilometres within the Western Caucasus World Heritage Site.

The park occupies the Greater Sochi area, from the border with the Tuapsinsky District between the mouths of Shepsi River and Magri River in the north-west, to the border with Abkhazia along the Psou River in the south-east, and between the Black Sea to the water divide of Greater Caucasus. From this territory, the park does not include the areas of settlement (city of Sochi and various urban and rural settlements) and the area of the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.

was created in 1983 on the land which since

ancient times served as the strictly guarded hunting area of Russian Grand Princes and tsars. Its territory was declared reserved in 1799, the first forest management was established here in 1842, and the idea of the creation of national park was expressed as early as 1909.
This place is known from the 14th century, in particular, from the testaments of Russian princes - Ivan Kalita, Dmitri Donskoi, Vladimir of Serpukhov and their descendants. In them are mentioned the plowed lands and the forests, located on the territory of the present national park. Later, this region became the place of tsarist hunting, and the land of the future park came under protection. During the Time of Troubles, the economic activity here was abruptly reduced, the former plowed lands were overgrown with forest. The prosperity of the Losiny Ostrov as a hunting area is connected with tsar Aleksey.

the capital to Saint Petersburg, this territory lost its value

as a tsarist hunting ground, but the government property continued to be guarded by imperial edicts. Approximately at this time the territory finally became named Losiny Ostrov or Pogonny Losiny Ostrov. In 1798, these forests passed to the management of the newly formed forest department. In the middle of the 19th century, the Losinoostrovskaya lesnaya dacha was organized and the period of systematic forestry begins. In 1934, the Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer greenbelt of Moscow.
A large area of the forest was cut during World War II. From this time on, the future national park has suffered from arbitrary seizures of the land for vegetable-gardens, intensive pasturing of cattle, and arbitrary, even, illegal cuttings. In the late 1950's, construction of Moscow Auto Beltway split the forest to inner and outer (larger) sectors. In 1979, the united resolution of the Moscow urban and provincial Soviets of People’s Deputies organized the Losiny Ostrov as a natural park, and in 1983 the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR formed the national park.

Forest) is a national park, located largely in Morki,Zvenigovo and Volzhsky Districts of Mari El, Russia.

The park has an area of 366 square kilometres. The national park was established in 1985.
Marii Chodra was created to protect rare plants: more than 115 rare plant species are documented. There are 14 tourist routes in the park, the most popular attractions being the lakes Yalchik, Glukhoye, Kichiyer, the rafting on the Ilet and Yushut rivers, Pugachov's Oak and the Maple Mountain.
There are more than 14 tourist centers in Marii Chodra, which play a major role in the recreation of Mari El, Tatarstan and Chuvashia.

the Republic of Karelia, designated as a national park by

the government of Russia, covers covers some 5,800 km², including 6,000 km² of undisturbed wetland taiga and is the second largest national park in Europe after Yugyd Va National Park. The main attraction is Lake Vygozero. 

In 1996 it was considered for inclusion as a World Heritage Site but was declined. The reason for the declination was that it was not a "natural" site. Currently, it is being resubmitted under the criteria of a "cultural landscape."

and territory, there are very few animals that are

equipped to survive in this area. The animals that are found in various locations across the sections of the Great Arctic Zapovednik are a permanent reindeer population, polar bears that are usually found around the islands and the arctic foxes that are always closely located to the polar bears, to scavenge food. And where there are reindeer, there are wolverines and wolves that feed on the reindeer. Arctic and brown lemmings also live in the reserve as well as arctic hares. Seals and walruses are located on the shores and on occasion, musk oxen can be seen near the Taimyr River, as they were re-introduced into the area in the year 1974. There is a recorded amount of 124 different bird species that frequent the park, along with water birds such as eiders, herring gulls and long tailed ducks.

this region back in the 8th and 9th centuries

the trees in the area were chopped down for construction or removed for agricultural purposes. Despite this efforts were made even back then to preserve the beautiful broadleaf forests which acted as a natural defense system. Local princes over the years continued to build up the defenses of the forests with moats and barricades, creating a remarkable defensive complex. However, when such defenses were no longer needed Kaluzhsky Zaseki's forest were used in the logging industry. During the 1980s, two scientists stumbled upon a practically untouched tract of broadleaf forest. The scientists took steps to preserve this original forest and in 1992 Kaluzhsky Zaseki Zapovednik was established.
Kaluzhsky Zaseki Zapovednik is perfectly situated in Central Russia's Uplands, just 250km from Moscow.

in the gentle hills of the southern Ural Mountains.

The landscape of Shulgan-Tash is marked by dense forests, verdant green slopes, bare cliffs, hidden caves and sparkling rivers. Attracting the remarkable but rare Burzyan honeybees, the meadows are scattered with beautiful flowers. Kap Cave in Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserveattracts many tourists to view its ancient cave drawings. Shulgan-Tash is certainly a magical escape from the bustle of Russia's cities.